; Markon et al., 2011Markon, K. E., Chmielewski, M., & Miller, C. J. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(6), 590-596. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.6.590 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.6.59

(2011).

Psychological Medicine, 46(3), 647-655. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002226 https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171500222 A symptom level examination of the relationship between Cluster B personality disorders and patterns of criminality and violence in women.

Anais da 8aMostra de Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental, 67.

Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276-282. https://hrcak.srce.hr/89395, Bach, B., & First, M. B.

Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. The cut-off point of eight was used in order to divide the sample into clinical and non-clinical groups, as recommended by previous national and international research studies (Harpham, 2003Harpham, T. (2003).

DSM-5 personality traits and DSM-IV personality disorders.

We used the Brazilian version adapted by Oliveira (2016Oliveira, S. E. S. (2016).

), it does not seem necessary to abandon the hybrid model; instead, it should be adapted in order to improve its discriminant validity.

SCID-II personality questionnaire. A validity study of a psychiatric screening questionnaire (SRQ-20) in primary care in the city of Sao Paulo. ; Strickland, 2014Strickland, C. M. (2014).

Generally, these results cause us to wonder whether the personality types approach really matches the personality traits one. Morey and Skodol (2013Morey, L. C., & Skodol, A. E. (2013).

The exceptions were for Antisocial and Paranoid PDs in the community sample, Histrionic PD in the clinical sample, and Schizoid PD in both samples.

This expectation of 100% is based on the AMPD diagnostic system, which indicates that those traits must be present for the diagnosis of these PD categories.

The reliability and validity of discrete and continuous measures of psychopathology: A quantitative review.

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32(1), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.11.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.11.0

Florida State University Libraries.

We also aimed to verify the correspondence between both of the diagnosis methods.

However, it is vital to highlight three PDs - Avoidant, Narcissistic, and Passive-Aggressive - that can be better predicted by their non-specified traits than their specified ones.

Only three pathological personality traits showed a percentage of presence greater than 50% (Depressivity and Impulsivity traits for Borderline PD; and Unusual Beliefs & Experiences for Schizotypal PD). Meta-analysis to derive an empirically based set of personality facet criteria for the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders.

A comparison of the DSM-5 section II and section III personality disorder structures.

(2007).

Therefore, according to Watters et al. (2014).

) has revealed that the conceptualization of PDs as categorical constructs is poorly scientifically confirmed.

Psychiatry Research, 216(3), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.

In the current study, the SRQ-20 internal consistence coefficient was KD-20 = .83.

For example, the biggest difference found in this study was for the correlation between the Depressivity trait and Borderline PD; the clinical group (r = .63) presented a much higher correlation coefficient than the community group (r = .46; r = .17), indicating that other pathological features may strengthen this relationship. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(8), 489-494. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716640756, Hopwood, C. J., Thomas, K. M., Markon, K. E., Wright, A. G., & Krueger, R. F. (2012).

Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 227-257. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190200 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57 The Kappa statistics they found were lower than .60, i.e., less than 35% agreement according to McHugh (2012McHugh, M. L. (2012). The brave new world of personality disorder-trait specified: Effects of additional definitions on coverage, prevalence, and comorbidity. ), and so is useful in describing any pathological personality profile outliers (Clark et al., 2015Clark, L. A., Vanderbleek, E. N., Shapiro, J. L., Nuzum, H., Allen, X., Daly, E., Kingsbury, T. J., Oiler, M., & Ro, E. (2015).

; Markon et al., 2011Markon, K. E., Chmielewski, M., & Miller, C. J. (2007).

Then, once the subsamples were too small, varying from 4 to 36 people among PD types, we qualitatively analyzed the percentage of the presence of the DSM-5s pathological personality traits (T ( 65) within each PD group.

Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(2), 424-432. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026656 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026656

As can be seen in Table 2, three out of six DSM-5 retained PDs did not present clinically relevant correlation coefficients with one or two expected traits.

These results were wholly congruent to Hopwood et al.

Pearsons correlation analyses were conducted separately for each sample (community and clinical), with the aim of exploring the nature of these correlations for each group. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): Validao de entrevista breve para diagnstico de transtornos mentais.

Categories versus dimensions in personality and psychopathology: A quantitative review of taxometric research. This pathological personality traits model was included in the fifth edition of the DSM (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013American Psychiatric Association.

; Hopwood et al., 2012Hopwood, C. J., Thomas, K. M., Markon, K. E., Wright, A. G., & Krueger, R. F. (2012).

Psychiatry Research, 216(3), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.

A comparison of the DSM-5 section II and section III personality disorder structures. Mari, J. J., & Williams, P. (1985). Os resultados indicaram algum nvel de continuidade entre os dois modelos quando as variveis foram consideradas dimensionais. ).

Morey, L. C., & Skodol, A. E. (2013). Measuring mental health in a cost-effective manner. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(2), 424-432. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026656 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026656 (2005).

Narcissistic and Passive-Aggressive PDs should be the ones kept in mind in this model. ; Strickland, 2014Strickland, C. M. (2014).

). Axis I Comorbidity of Borderline Personality Disorder.

Comparing criterion- and trait-based personality disorder diagnoses in DSM-5. The development of the ICD-11 classification of personality disorders: An amalgam of science, pragmatism, and politics.

Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(6), 626-637. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2007.21.6.626 https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2007.21.6.6 However, there were a few alarming exceptions per study, such as Anderson et al. (2011). ) and (b) by considering that the SCID-II-PQ has a very low specificity (Ekselius et al., 1994Ekselius, L., Lindstrm, E., Knorring, L. V., Bodlund, O., & Kullgren, G. (1994).

Contrariwise, there is a lack of strong scientific evidence to justify the maintenance of the categorical approach. e Pesq. Kinds versus continua: A review of psychometric approaches to uncover the structure of psychiatric constructs.

Hunter-Reel, D., Epstein, E. E., McCrady, B., & Eddie, D. (2014). Psychological Medicine, 46(3), 647-655. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002226 https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171500222

Continuity between DSM-5 categorical criteria and traits criteria for borderline personality disorder. Meta-analysis to derive an empirically based set of personality facet criteria for the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders.

American Psychiatric Association.

Kinds versus continua: A review of psychometric approaches to uncover the structure of psychiatric constructs. A users guide to the self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).

) both found a statistically significant correlation between the Perseveration trait with Borderline PD, while Bach (2016Bach, B., & Sellbom, M. (2016).

(2014Anderson, J., Snider, S., Sellbom, M., Krueger, R., & Hopwood, C. (2014).

Skodol, A. E., Bender, D. S., Morey, L. C., Clark, L. A., Oldham, J. M., Alarcon, R. D., Krueger, R. F., Verheul, R., Bell, C. C., & Siever, L. J.

To compute the diagnostic categories for retained PDs in the AMPD, we followed the proposed DSM-5 algorithm (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Psychiatry Research, 216(3), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014. Meta-analysis to derive an empirically based set of personality facet criteria for the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders. Personality disorder types proposed for DSM-5. Besides that, Narcissistic PD, Paranoid PD, and Dependent PD did not show any differences in correlation coefficient sizes between the two subsamples.

Fossati, A., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Borroni, S., & Maffei, C. (2013).

American Psychiatric Association. Addiction Research & Theory, 22(2), 176-180. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2013.793314, Markon, K. E., Chmielewski, M., & Miller, C. J.

Predictive validity of personality types versus personality dimensions from early childhood to adulthood: Implications for the distinction between core and surface traits.

Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90(2), 120-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01566.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994

A comparison of the DSM-5 section II and section III personality disorder structures. Psychological Medicine, 42(5), 903-920. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711001966 https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171100196

Tyrer, P., Mulder, R., Kim, Y. R., & Crawford, M. J.

Torgersen, S., Kringlen, E., & Cramer, V. (2001).

Psychological Medicine, 46(8), 1567-1579. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001944 https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171500194 SCID-II-DSM-IV - Entrevista clnica estruturada para transtornos de personalidade: Traduo e utilizao na DPA/IP/UFRJ. American Psychiatric Association. https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:252895/datastream/PDF/view https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/o B. W., & Benjamin, L. S. (1997). ) failing to find a significant correlation between Antisocial PD and one of its expected traits - Risk Taking - and Hopwood et al.

; Strickland, 2014Strickland, C. M. (2014).

(2011). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5.

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 137(5), 856-879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023678 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023678 The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(8), 489-494. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716640756 https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716640756

; Watters et al., 2019Watters, C. A., Bagby, R. M., & Sellbom, M. (2019).

We subsequently examined the association between the PD types conforming to the conceptualization of the DSM-5's Sections II and III. Table 4 displays our main findings. ), while others found many effect sizes above .50 and some above .70 in their studies (Hopwood et al., 2012Hopwood, C. J., Thomas, K. M., Markon, K. E., Wright, A. G., & Krueger, R. F. (2012). We also counted on a snowball sampling procedure (Goodman, 1961Goodman, L. A. Our results showed that there is some continuity between the traditional way of diagnosing PD and the AMPD.

Since Sections II and III of the DSM-5 have different conceptualizations for the same PD types, we also aimed to understand how well they are associated.

Relating DSM-5 section III personality traits to section II personality disorder diagnoses.

; Haslam et al., 2012Haslam, N., Holland, E., & Kuppens, P. (2012).

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 15, 481-502. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095736 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-

) algorithm with some changes, in order to maintain the same pattern of the retained disorders: for those PDs composed of two or three traits (Passive-Aggressive, Depressive, Dependent, and Histrionic), all of them should be present (i.e., T score 65) for positivity of the diagnostic category; for a Paranoid PD diagnosis, three out of four traits should be present, one of them being Suspiciousness; for a Schizoid PD diagnosis, three out of four traits should be present, one of them being Intimacy Avoidance. Fischers r-to-z transformation indicated that Antisocial PD, Avoidant PD, Obsessive-Compulsive PD, and Passive-Aggressive PD have presented higher correlation coefficients in the community sample than in the clinical sample. Recently, Watters et al. Continuity between DSM-5 categorical criteria and traits criteria for borderline personality disorder. ) and the other half on clinical samples (Bach & Sellbom, 2016Bach, B., & Sellbom, M. (2016).

A comparison of the validity of two psychiatric screening questionnaires (GHQ-12 and SRQ-20) in Brazil, using Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis.

) did not find a statistically significant correlation between the Restricted Affectivity facet and the Schizotypal PD, while, on other hand, Morey (2016) found this association; (2) regarding the effect size of correlation coefficients - for example, some studies only found low or irrelevant correlation coefficients (< .30) between the PDs that were kept in the AMPD and all of the personality traits (Anderson et al., 2014Anderson, J., Snider, S., Sellbom, M., Krueger, R., & Hopwood, C. (2014).

DSM-5 personality traits and DSM-IV personality disorders.

The aforementioned studies achieved quite contradictory results, appearing to indicate the non-match between these approaches, although the authors suggest that there is evidence of matching. (2019).

; Osone & Takahashi, 2003Osone, A., & Takahashi, S. (2003).

Psychological Medicine, 15(03), 651-659. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700031500, Mari, J. J., & Williams, P. (1986).

The meta-analytic review of this issue (Watters et al., 2019Watters, C. A., Bagby, R. M., & Sellbom, M. (2019). Our interest in this bivariate approach is to examine if the traits that were proposed to belong to specific PD types are really correlated.

The variations in PD levels are not exclusively accounted for by their specific traits. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 10(2), 97-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/per0000307 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/per0000307

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(8), 489-494. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716640756 https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716640756 DSM-5 personality traits and DSM-IV personality disorders.

However, some findings of the current study, and also from previous research, indicate that the categorical approach is not a comprehensive way of describing peoples personality pathology. However, the differences we found could generate considerable clinical implications, which would indicate the abandonment of the categorical approach in AMPD.

Psychiatry Research, 216(3), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.

A users guide to the self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ).

; Widiger & Simonsen, 2005Widiger, T. A., & Simonsen, E. (2005).

After completing all questionnaires, the subjects would have access to a PDF performance report; this was a strategy used to motivate participants to complete the questionnaires.

A. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Florida State University Libraries. (2005). : Teor.

Their ages varied from 15 to 73 years (M = 29.13, SD = 10.16).

Convergence between DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 diagnostic models for personality disorder: Evaluation of strategies for establishing diagnostic thresholds. (2016Morey, L. C., Benson, K. T., & Skodol, A. E. (2016).