Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard). A slight range expansion is observed in more temperate areas such as western, central, and eastern Europe, North America (northern U.S. and southern Canada), and western Pacific (Japan and Korea) (Fig. endstream endobj startxref stream Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera). 5E, F). ERI, abundance (GI, potential damage), and activity (AI, potential population growth) of the serpentine leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis, in selected African countries according to model predictions for the year 2000. Potato varieties can tolerate considerable levels of foliar damage by the leafminer fly before control measures are needed. SBN 978-82-8082-399-1 (electronic edition). Plant Protection Service, Wageningen (NL). Ciromazine has a residual effect of more than 20 days, followed by abamectin and spinosad. PP1 - Efficacy Evaluation of Plant Protection Products, PP3 - Environmental Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products, PM4 - Production of Healthy Plants for Planting, PM8 - Commodity-specific Phytosanitary Measures, PM9 - National Regulatory Control Systems, Regional Plant Protection Organizations / EU / EAEU, EPPO A1 and A2 Lists of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests (2021), Disinfestation of production site against, General crop inspection procedure for potatoes + corrigendum, Vegetable plants for planting under protected conditions inspection of places of production, Solanaceous crops under protected cultivation. In the case of Rwanda (Fig. Cisneros, F., and N. Mujica. fera.defra.gov.uk/plants/plantHealth/pestsDiseases/ documents/lirioConsultPaper.pdf. Counting the number of larvae or fresh tunnels per leaflet by sampling the bottom, middle, and top parts of the plant is used to monitor larvae infestation. Similarly, the finite rate of increase for leafminer fly peaked at 22C (=1.038) and was smallest when exposed to 12C (=0.991) and 26C (=0.993); values of <1 indicate that the population is decreasing. 2001. After hatching eggs, each larva feeds on leaf tissue making a winding tunnel (serpentine leaf mine) or blotch on the leaf. Bazzocchi, G. Burgio, and M.R. The leaf mines become increasingly larger in size as the larvae feed and grow through three immature stages (instars). The pea leafminer is an agricultural pest endemic to South America. A large proportion of grown larvae remain close to the midrib. 2). 5C). ), Trifolium spp., faba bean (Vicia faba L.); Liliaceae: onion (Allium cepa L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.); Solanaceae: peppers (Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum frutescens L.), Petunia spp. Imago (male). %PDF-1.6 % A high decrease (-0.2 to -0.5) in the risk of establishment is predicted in most of the countries in West, North (Sudan, Egypt, Libya), and East (Somalia) Africa. Trade is a key factor in the rapid spread and global distribution of Liriomyza species, particularly via infested host-planting material and cut flowers, which are the main means of long-distance dispersal. 5A). Plant injuries caused by adult and larval activities reduce photosynthesis activity and cause leaf wilting. Panel on Plant Health (PLH); Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) to the EU territory with the identification and evaluation of risk reduction options. Roles of thermal adaptation and chemical ecology in Liriomyza distribution and control. Effects of cyromazine and abamectin on the pea leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and its parasitoid Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in potatoes. Kang, L., B. Chen, J-N Wei, and T-X Liu. Control of invasive, Kang, L., B. Chen, J-N Wei, and T-X Liu. 3PLenbU hUo:W)]y+m*&/8(1- YV*|CiPsq lBW=Jh First-instar larvae are colorless after hatching, turning to pale yellow-orange. The active ingredients ciromazine, abamectin, and spinosad can be recommended. European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Feeding punctures and leaf mines are usually the first and most obvious signs of the presence of leafminer flies. 2B). L. huidobrensis is primarily a tropical and warm temperate species that has been found up to 3,400 masl in tropical regions. Spatial/temporal model for survivability of pea leafminer (, Plant Health Australia. [190 pp.] 2013a. In Africa, L. huidobrensis is already present in Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, and Tanzania, with an ERI>0.95 (Fig. Leafminer total development was almost five times longer at 10C (65.5 days) than at 30C (14.9 days). Available from https://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/insects/Liriomyza_huidobrensis/ LIRIHU_ds.pdf, Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera). Adaptation to risk avoidance at farm level. Adults are small (wing length: 1.72.3 mm), black flies with bright-yellow spots on the thorax (Photo 3). 7 :Te@,Mr bADU2]oM 0Ja2)&]*JYZV Globally, simulated GIs gave reasonable predictions when compared with generation numbers reported in the literature. Lima, Peru, International Potato Center, 129140. For example, in the Peruvian localities of La Molina (central lowland, 500 masl, mean annual temperature of 20C) and Huancayo (central highland 3,300 masl, mean annual temperature of 12C), mean numbers of 12 and 7 generations per year, respectively, have been reported. Optimal temperature for survival ranged 2025C (3238% survival of the entire immature stage). Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Liriomyza huidobrensis, 6 pp. Physical control. Adult females feed on leaf tissue by puncturing the leaf surface with their ovipositors and ingesting the liquid cell contents. Under these circumstances, the negative effects of leafminer fly infestations further reduce yields due to inadequate agronomic practices. A phytosanitary certificate should be required for cut flowers and for vegetables with leaves. endstream endobj 1182 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/StructParents 0/Subtype/Form>>stream %PDF-1.4 Pest infestation-crop loss relationships indicated that the accumulated foliar damage up to the growth stages of flowering and berry formation produced highest yield losses in the different potato varieties. Use of control thresholds and crop variety selection. Highest fecundity is found at around 22C. Mouth hooks remaining in the mines after each successive molt can be used to identify stages. <> Photos 1. 1196 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<12DDFB5A9A9D134C80BCB444BEAF50B2><61B67F05EC47E845BD143E4B531DA6A3>]/Index[1177 34]/Info 1176 0 R/Length 97/Prev 1600538/Root 1178 0 R/Size 1211/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Viale della Fiera, 8- 40127 BolognaSettori centrali della DgAgricoltura, caccia e pescaSettore Agricoltura, caccia e pesca - Ambiti territoriali, Regione Emilia-RomagnaViale Aldo Moro, 5240127 BolognaCentralino 051 5271Cerca telefoni o indirizzi, Sito web: www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/urpNumero verde: 800.66.22.00Scrivici: e-mail - PEC, https://agricoltura.regione.emilia-romagna.it/fitosanitario/temi/avversita/schede/avversita-per-nome/mosca-minatrice-sud-americana, https://agricoltura.regione.emilia-romagna.it/@@site-logo/logo_rer_quadrato.png, Scheda tecnica per il riconoscimento dell'organismo nocivo, Direzione generale agricoltura, caccia e pesca, Settori centrali della DgAgricoltura, caccia e pesca. 2000. Invasive Species Compendium: Datasheets, maps, images, abstracts and full text on invasive species of the world. An ERI>0.7 is associated with potential permanent establishment. 2012. /] Sr!_r\9kg$xLiOv=g zpU\_bq~+ie--_K7&. Q3#Wqiyy0'Ju ^ 2 2012. Newly hatched larvae mine into the leaf and feed on the chloroplast-rich mesophyll, making a serpentine mine whose diameter increases as the larva grows. In most of the subtropical and temperate regions, the AI increases from the years 20002050 by values up to 3.

Consultation on the plant health status of, Gitonga, Z.M., A. Chabi-Olaye, D. Mithofer, J.J. Okello, and C.N. Szw^FR0:G%h^&j^0\'0e[Eu(Q>3ISNG?igne;6}yB\z8C98 8icmpF20j ZZT;UP}0!W m`A`7[C`;]\'EsoS0z1?M&jWx'L ,e3-s~xNu78D:4[xC}:{(+(zmQb?rSVBfA6kop~c5UAx Xy-c=I>q"{57` f2 European Journal of Scientific Research 7: 6573. 2005. The species involved are very diverse and composition strongly changes among agro-ecologies where the leafminer fly occurs. %%EOF Changes in abundance (generation index [GI], damage potential) and activity (activity index [AI], potential population growth) of the serpentine leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis, worldwide according to model predictions, using the GI (A, B) and the AI (D, E) for the years 2000 and 2050, and the absolute index change (C, F). 2012. 2001. Prepared by CABI and EPPO for the EU under Contract 90/399003. L. huidobrensis is a serious pest of arable crops, vegetables, and ornamental plants under field and glasshouse conditions in many parts of the world. 1 Vegetable Pests / Serpentine leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard 1926), Synonyms: Agromyza huidobrensis (Blanchard 1926), Taxonomic position: Insecta, Diptera, Agromyzidae, Authors: N. Mujica, P. Carhuapoma, & J. Kroschel, Serpentine leafminer, pea leafminer, South American leafminer, South American miner fly (English), Sdamerikanische Minierfliege (German), mosca minadora, minadora sudamericana (Spanish), mouche mineuse sud-amricaine (French), mosca minatrice sudamericana (Italian), larva mineira sul-americana (Portuguese). ; Chenopodiaceae: spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.); Cucurbitaceae: cucumbers (Cucumis spp. The fast-growing foliage enhances the egg extrusion reaction of the foliar tissue. Environmental Entomology 31: 797803. The pest also represents a high risk (ERI>0.95) for production areas of other countries of East, Central, and Southern Africa. This is required to ensure the elimination of the most resistant stage of the pest. [&qM)O&?U3O4 E\DYW3uV9}}e`YWz2qH)N6^Iy(0"bH H4[d`1 Females also puncture leaf tissue to lay their eggs.

Martin, A.D., R.H. Hallett, M.K. 4A). 2009. 1210 0 obj <>stream The optimum temperature for overall population growth ranged from 20C to 25C.

Conserving beneficial insects. ]b`DE,?\ 793 qFUBS8 "i>T{bQkxa`g7Po!P"2jVpcHwQa_ Changes in establishment and potential distribution of the serpentine leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis, worldwide according to model predictions, using the ERI for the years 2000 (A) and 2050 (B), and changes of the ERI between 2000 and 2050 (C). Comparative life history of Liriomyza trifolii and Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on beans: effect of temperature on development. Fiacconi. PP1 - Efficacy Evaluation of Plant Protection Products, PP3 - Environmental Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products, PM4 - Production of Healthy Plants for Planting, PM8 - Commodity-specific Phytosanitary Measures, PM9 - National Regulatory Control Systems, Regional Plant Protection Organizations / EU / EAEU. Figure 3. 6 April 2012, 25 pp. Threat Specific Contingency Plan: Serpentine leaf miner Liriomyza huidobrensis. Pupae were more vulnerable to unfavorable temperatures compared with other stages. Changes in establishment and potential distribution of the serpentine leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis, in Africa according to model predictions, using the ERI for the years 2000 (A) and 2050 (B), and changes of the ERI between 2000 and 2050 (C). E' in grado di attaccare numerose specie di piante coltivate e di interesse ornamentale provocando vistosi danni all'apparato fogliare. Lanzoni, A., G.G. In Europe it has become a major pest of a wide variety of ornamental or vegetable crops grown under glass. The lowest senescence rate was observed within the temperature range of 1020C. 2000. Bazzocchi, G. Burgio, and M.R. The leafminer fly in potato: plant reaction and natural enemies as natural mortality factors. An ERI>0.7 is associated with potential permanent establishment. Once feeding is completed, mature larvae cut a slit in the leaf surface, exit the leaf, and drop to the ground where they pupate. Insecticides must be used only according to the monitoring results and when the leafminer population is expected to cause economic damage. hb```6 cb/ Fc@E +Xv{1*DH5>sRa5k c&l '5\qw*^C`&|>EIIIH)-I)5$T N?), in3m3nK,xP&p ~Ha39,`HHi39R s$,D2t4u4t0 !EF[SCPESSGm b#* -R ?32a7~H7Qh gUz8X(x`2Im}hu1W n iY`[\@ o&D/D5Y >/Metadata 151 0 R/Outlines 305 0 R/Pages 1169 0 R/StructTreeRoot 384 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1179 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 1180 0 obj <>stream Roles of thermal adaptation and chemical ecology in, Lanzoni, A., G.G. Variation in cold hardiness of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) along latitudinal gradients. Sears, and M.R. The form and shape of a mine differ between host plants and depend on the physical and physiological condition of each leaf and by the number of larvae mining on same leaf. 6a, c). Crop Protection 20: 207213. Typical symptoms of underleaf mining on chrysanthemum by L. huidobrensis. However, L. huidobrensis is already distributed under open-field conditions in regions with an ERI>0.70.9 (light- and dark-orange zones) as in some areas of South Africa and Morocco. Losses in production of spinach, lettuce, and celery greater than 50% have been reported. ; potato (Solanum tuberosum L.); tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.); tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.); eggplant (Solanum melongena L.); and wild species of the Solanaceae family, including important weeds (e.g., black night shade, Solanum nigrum L.). Counting the number of flies captured in yellow sticky traps monitors adult leafminer fly activity. Studies have shown that with frequent sprayings, leafminer flies have grown rapidly resistant to insecticides. A_+1V\ H9W,s* t sxe,;B30\-|{@-AR@BBfbj Sears, and M.R. For all three immature stages, lowest mortality occurred at 20C (32.4%) and highest at 30C (97.3%). To avoid the introduction of L. huidobrensis (and other leafminer species) into European countries, the European Plant Protection Organisation recommended that propagating material (except seeds) of chili pepper, carnations, celery, chrysanthemums, melon, Gerbera, Gypsophila sp., lettuces, Senecio hybridus, and tomatoes from countries where the pests occur must have been inspected at least every month during the previous 3 months and found to be free of pests. 2012. x=qew4S)l]\IS)OHiy3 `HJ`t7 7y4ptyx7~R_N?=S=BL_[CW0].k5 lZ@Clxq J!/W4LaL0j = :~'4y~^YC3b>a}[&4ba"C)'eE r2Ro. 1177 0 obj <> endobj Adult of L. huidobrensis. L. huidobrensis completed its development from egg to adult at temperatures of 1030C but not at 32C (see Annex 7.3.9). Since the early 1980s, L. huidobrensis has been recorded in numerous countries around the world, presumably associated with the global trade of ornamental plants (Fig. 2002. Fiacconi. Leafminer flies are controlled by a large number of beneficial insects, which are either predators or parasitoids. Adults are capable of short-distance flights only, but winds can support long-distance flights into crops from surrounding vegetation. 2013a. Originario delle regioni tropicali del Sud-America, questo insetto stato introdotto accidentalmente nel 1980 in Inghilterra, da dove si poi diffuso anche in altri paesi europei, tra cui l'Italia. Pest risk assessment of the South American Leafminer, Chen, B., and L. Kang. POTENTIAL GLOBAL AND REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL PESTS AND ASSOCIATED BIOCONTROL AGENTS UNDER CURRENT AND FUTURE CLIMATES, 4.3. Healthy, vigorously growing potato plants can counteract the damaging effect of leafminers, particularly during the vegetative phase. Both crop yield and marketability yield are reduced, resulting in high economic losses to vegetable producers around the world. Ritho. As necrotic areas coalesce in highly infested leaves, the whole leaf dries out and dies. Annual Review of Entomology 54: 127145. Molecular evidence of cryptic species within the, Weintraub, P.G. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety, 09/904-3 final, 46 pp. 6d), the entire country is situated at an altitude of >900 masl and characterized by a mostly temperate tropical highland climate. Both feeding and oviposition punctures turn white and damaged foliage looks stippled or speckled. The polyphagous nature of L. huidobrensis, combined with high reproductive rates and rapid development of insecticide resistance, contributed to the success of L. huidobrensis as an invasive species. Symptoms of the serpentine leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis: (A) larvae infestation on leaves and (B) on young pods of snow pea. 5 0 obj ], alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), pea (Pisum sativum L., Pisum spp. Under the present climate, L. huidobrensis represents a severe risk (ERI>0.95) in East Africa, which is associated with a GI>1224 generations per year and a high AI (AI>15) (Fig. Scheffer, S.J. All photos included on this page can only be used for educational purposes. Gitonga, Z.M., A. Chabi-Olaye, D. Mithofer, J.J. Okello, and C.N. Chen, B., and L. Kang. Available from http://www.vkm.no/dav/ 89df414b97.pdf, CABI. Systemic insecticides with translaminar properties are most effective in controlling leafminer fly larvae. [3PdB+ _]Qc LwuuuOZbKZz~>t. 2004. 3D). Effects of cyromazine and abamectin on the pea leafminer, ADAPTATION OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT TO FUTURE PEST RISKS, https://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/insects/Liriomyza_huidobrensis/ LIRIHU_ds.pdf, 5.1.5 Phaedrotoma scabriventris (Nixon 1955), Union of the Comoros, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco (restricted distribution), Reunion, Seychelles, South Africa (restricted distribution), Spain (Canary Islands), Tanzania, Uganda, China (in the provinces of Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Nei Menggu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan), India (Uttar Pradesh), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Israel (widespread), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), Jordan, Korea Dem Peoples Republic, Lebanon, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines (widespread), Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria Arab Republic, Taiwan (widespread), Thailand, Vietnam, Austria (protected crops), Belgium (transient, protected crops), Bulgaria (under eradication), Croatia, Cyprus (widespread), Czech Republic (protected crops), Denmark (eradicated), Finland (transient, under eradication), France (restricted distribution), Germany (protected crop), Greece (widespread), Hungary (eradicated), Ireland (eradicated), Italy (restricted distribution), Lithuania (eradicated), Malta (protected crops), Montenegro, the Netherlands (protected crops), Norway (eradicated), Poland (protected crops), Portugal (widespread), Serbia, Slovenia (eradicated), Spain (restricted distribution), Switzerland (protected crops), Turkey (restricted distribution), UK (eradicated), Belize, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Brazil (Goias, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guyana, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. 3D, F). Risks mapping under current and future climates, Changes in establishment and future distribution. ); Caryophyllaceae: Gypsophila spp. 2010. 0 KT:RJ:6YY9plR>A 0'*c|^`\FuY5a/DiZ[9iZE,]a{sv@&5!$NgXSE+!e6Xifum;e"`? Leaf tissue affected by larval mining becomes necrotic and brownish. Photos: Courtesy of CIP. 2012. Ritho. For potato, yield losses of almost 100% were reported in Argentina, Chile, and Indonesia. Deterministic simulation of life-table parameters under prevailing temperature conditions of two contrasting agro-ecological Peruvian zones showed that lowland agro-ecologies (La Molina: 12 05 S, 76 57 W, 250 masl, with a mean annual precipitation of 6.4 mm and mean temperature of 19.7C) present more suitable temperature conditions than do the highlands (Huancayo: 12 00 S, 75 22 W, 3,250 masl, with a mean annual precipitation of 646 mm and temperature of 12.2C) for leafminer fly population increase in all evaluated seasons. 3C). Andersen, A., and T. Hofsvang. The established functions (see Annex 7.3.9) were used to estimate the life-table parameters of L. huidobrensis and to build an overall stochastic phenology model. 2004. Figure 5. Significant differences were observed in the longevity between male and female adults, with female longevity twice as long as males at temperatures >10C. Andersen, A., and T. Hofsvang.

Time taken for damaged area to become necrotic depends on the variety, physiological conditions, and age of the plant. L. huidobrensis has also been reported in regions with a low likelihood of establishment (ERI<0.6) as in temperate regions of China (Beijing and Inner Mongolia); some areas of Korea Democratic Peoples Republic or Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu); northern and central European countries; and southern Canada (Ontario). ax/n9Z.6s8=L.CHpvv> #dO&Xh{"s4r c$Jh:_~?U[] }A h % Reported occurrences are due to survival and infestations in greenhouses, not to survival under open-field conditions. Crop management. Figures 3A and B illustrate the mean numbers of generations that might theoretically develop worldwide within a year in the years 2000 and 2050 scenarios. hbbd```b``~"@$:f[cW"$``^S^&&09, "YpX4@"`}|0 SH pp. Predictions of potential changes for the 2050 temperature scenario indicate a decrease in the potential growth of L. huidobrensis in tropical regions of Central and South America, Africa, and Asia (Fig. Photos: Courtesy of CIP. Molecular evidence of cryptic species within the Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae). 2002. 2005. Chemical control. Variation in cold hardiness of, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Adults and larvae of L. huidobrensis damage the plant foliage. Overwintering Ability of, Milla, K., and S. Reitz. Global maps of the activity index (AI) in year 2000 estimates a high activity of L. huidobrensis by a factor of 1325 in most tropical regions, and by a factor of 513 for most subtropical regions of South America, East and Central Africa, and Southeast Asia (Fig. Threat Specific Contingency Plan: Serpentine leaf miner, Scheffer, S.J. *($T Estimated lower threshold for development of immature stages was 6.4C (egg), 3.4C (larva), and 4.8C (pupa). At coastal zones the GI gives values between 12 (Morocco) and 15 (Egypt) generations per year and with an AI<13 for Morocco and an AI<17 for Egypt. 1999. Global predictions for 2050 indicate that L. huidobrensis will continue to be a high-risk pest in most of the tropical and subtropical areas (Fig. In northern and southern countries, the numbers of generations predicted for the leafminer fly range mainly from 6 to 12. Journal of Economic Entomology 93: 11461151. Control of invasive Liriomyza leafminer species and compliance with food safety standards by small scale snow pea farmers in Kenya. At 32C all pupae died before adults emerged. An ERI>0.7 is associated with potential permanent establishment. Milla, K., and S. Reitz. Both methods can be adapted for decision-making to avoid unnecessary applications of insecticides. McDonald. For the lowland (La Molina) and highland (Huancayo) agro-ecologies, a T of 12.2 and 7.2 generations per year were determined. 1990. 2C), but still with a low establishment potential of the pest (ERI<0.6). In Mediterranean countries (e.g., Egypt and Morocco), the risk of establishment is lower (ERI<0.9), except for those zones near the coast (ERI>0.95) (Fig. EFSA Journal 10(12): 3028. Available from http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/30956. The highest risks of establishment (ERI>0.95, red zones) are observed in production zones of each country. Spencer, K.A. Environmental Entomology 33: 155164. Host preferences vary according to location, production practices, and host availability. 6). Plants deficient in irrigation, water, and fertilizeror evolved from low-quality seed (e.g., virus-infested seed)show damage much earlier and mined leaves dry more rapidly. Changes in abundance (GI, damage potential) and activity (AI, potential population growth) of the serpentine leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis, in Africa according to model predictions, using the GI (A, B) and the AI (D, E) for the years 2000 and 2050, and the absolute index change (C, F). Highly infested crop fields appear burned. The negative r values below 14C and above 25C indicate that population size is decreasing due to high mortality and no or very low reproduction. endstream endobj 1181 0 obj <>stream 2009. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Under the year 2050 temperature scenario, a slight decrease (<-0.1) in most of the eastern, central, and southern regions is observed, but L. huidobrensis will remain a potential risk and threat for food production. Population parameters indicate that the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) augments almost linearly with increasing temperature to reach a maximum at 22C (0.037) and then sharply decreased at 25C (0.022). Rwanda presents the largest area at high risk of establishment, and L. huidobrensis is known to be highly damaging in potato and bean production. 46, VKM, Oslo, Norway. Ecological and economical sound control of the leafminer fly is best realized when based on integrated pest management by promoting natural regulation and combining cultural practices with physical and chemical control. 1). 6|-Hsz3%0R@B>@TdE/x"TA|gEOx0tHDU//Be4R5/_46~vh#XIc.(0ALpY9 WPDKWZU ); Fabaceae: soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. The highest values for both reproductive parameters (gross reproductive rate and net reproductive rate, Ro) were found at 2022C. Plant Health Australia. 2009. Eggs are round, translucent, and about 0.3 x 0.1 mm in size (Photo 2A). Hok0SK;W)JFSZ#,d#Rwr%5Y:31",

Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal, European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Those regions include Central and South America; Africa (eastern countries of Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Tanzania, as well as some areas of Morocco); Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines); South Asia (Nepal and India); Middle East (Israel and Jordan); southern region of China (subtropical provinces of Yunnan and Fuijang); and southern European countries such as Portugal (Algarve), Spain (Almeria), and Italy (Sicilia) (compare with Fig. Environmental Entomology 34: 743747. Spatial/temporal model for survivability of pea leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) in warm climates: a case study in south Florida, USA. Level of foliar injury at which control measures should start to prevent the pest population from reaching an economic injury level has been studied in different potato varieties: Desiree (1722%), Revolucion (2738%), Canchan (2533%), Maria Tambea (3242%), Tomasa (4460%), and Yungay (3243%). An establishment risk index (ERI)>0.95 reflects well the current global distribution of L. huidobrensis under the current climate of the year 2000 (Fig. Host specialization in the world Agromyzidae (Diptera). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.3028. By contrast, an increase in the spread of L. huidobrensis (0.10.3) with a high establishment potential (ERI>0.7) is predicted for some areas of South Africa and Mediterranean countries (Morocco and northern Algeria) (Fig. It is estimated that in Africa the change of activity between 2000 and 2050 will be concentrated in the eastern and southern regions (Fig. Available from http://www. 2010. The major ornamental plants and crops affected are the following: Apiaceae: celery (Apium graveolens L.); Asteraceae: Aster spp., Chrysanthemum spp., Gerbera spp., Dahlia spp., Ixeris stolonifera, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), Lactuca spp., Zinnia spp. In Africa the highest increase in the number of L. huidobrensis generations (15 per year) is predicted for most sub-Saharan countries and for the Mediterranean region (Fig. Figure 6. zb5:cjdhfi~y$"jM3acxmM\_x Comparative life history of, Martin, A.D., R.H. Hallett, M.K. Monitoring pest populations. Under the present climate scenario, the GI indicates 1524 generations of L. huidobrensis per year in most countries of East, West, and Central Africa (Fig.