Photograph by Vivek Kumar, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida.

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Head of an adult common blossom thrips, Frankliniella schultzei Trybom, showing interocellar setae at 40 magnification. Gyan P. Mishra, Jentilal R. Dobaria, in Crop Protection, 2015. Trends in Microbiology 6: 31-35. Journal of Phytopathology 148: 123-125. Table2. However, by 2008 the use of high quaility TSW-resistant commercial cultivars of tomato had become widespread in the southeastern United States (Riley etal., 2011b), which greatly mitigated the crisis. 2016). 2007). [1] Unfertilized eggs develop into male offspring while fertilized eggs develop into females. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Hot temperatures and high humidity are important factors supporting huge populations of thrips in Florida. Sakimura K. 1969. Head wider than long; 3 pairs of ocellar setae, pair III arising close together between anterior margins of hind ocelli and as long as side of ocellar triangle; postocular setae pair IV as long as distance between hind ocelli. Dorsal view of an adult common blossom thrips, Frankliniella schultzei Trybom, with dimensions marked. Dorsal view of an adult common blossom thrips, Frankliniella schultzei Trybom. Similar to female but smaller; tergite VIII with a few teeth laterally on posterior margin; sternites III-VII with broadly transverse pore plate. Keys to the genera of thrips can be found in Palmer et al. The major hosts of Frankliniella schultzei are cotton, groundnut, beans and pigeon pea. National Institute of Agriculture, Caacup, Paraguay. (2017). The family Heterothripidae is confined to the New World, and most species of Merothripidae are also restricted to that area. It is assumed that the two mites could be effective in controlling Frankliniella schultzei in single pest situations (Kakkar et al. SSRs are still considered the marker of choice in peanuts (Pandey etal., 2012), and a wide range of genotypes have been used for mapping (Table1) of many important biotic and abiotic traits using SSR markers (Table2).

south of the Sudan to the Cape in Africa. Later, Frankliniella insularis (Franklin) (Smith, 1931), a misidentification of Frankliniella lycopersici Steele (Andrewartha, 1937) which was synonymized with Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) (Moulton, 1948), was also implicated. It is hypothesized that the close proximity of midgut and salivary glands in the thrips larval stage facilitates the virus movement whereas the virus fails to do so as the thrips reaches adult stage. By 1933, studies regarding host-plant resistance to Kromnek disease caused by thrips (Frankliniella sp. Not recorded from New Zealand, but considered a high risk potential invader. from the Caribbean to the south of Argentina in South America. List of a few genotypes, used for mapping of various resistance gene(s) (Dwivedi etal., 2003; Shoba etal., 2012; Sujay etal., 2012). Male macroptera. [1], The adult common blossom thrips is a very small insect with a length of between 1 and 1.6mm (0.04 and 0.06in). In that study, male thrips were most attracted to yellow sticky traps while female thrips were more attracted to pink sticky traps (Yaku et al. Other synonymies of Frankliniella schultzei include: The common blossom thrips has a very wide distribution and is mainly found in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world (Vierbergen and Mantel 1991). Identification of the common thrips of tropical Africa (Thysanoptera: Insecta). Tree fruit, strawberry, and some flower crops also support F. schultzei. Losses as high as 95% in spring-grown susceptible tomatoes were observed at individual sites during the mentioned time period. Distinct levels of specificity in thrips transmission of tospoviruses. The leaf-feeding members of the large genus Liothrips are found throughout the tropics, including the Pacific region, but species of the closely related genus Gynaikothrips are Asian in origin. Tomato spotted wilt virus (Tospovirus), is a serious virus causing damage to a wide range of plant species (Prins and Goldbach 1998). As with most thrips, predatory mites (Phystoseiidae) and minute pirate bugs (Anthocoridae) are often suggested as important biological control agents. Figure 5. The southeastern United States was in a regional epidemic by the early 1990s. The emerging problem of tospovirus infection and nonconventional methods of control. Frankliniella schultzei is found in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. In this review, we made an attempt to capture the recent updates in molecular marker development and their applications in the management of various biotic stresses in peanut. It has been recorded from 83 species of plants among 35 families (Palmer 1990).

(2015) has identified 376 polymorphic SSR markers in 16 African groundnut cultivars with a wide range of disease resistance. Frankliniella schultzei is a polyphagous pest feeding on various ornamental and vegetable hosts in different parts of the world (Milne et al. Since the 1960s, interspecific hybridization has received much attention in peanuts because several wild Arachis species show a very high level of resistance to many biotic stresses, such as rust, ELS, LLS, and stem rot (Holbrook and Stalker, 2003; Singh etal., 1984). A study done in Australia reported sexual discrepancies among Frankliniella schultzei in color preference. Kakkar G, Seal DR, Kumar V. 2012. Agricultural Insect Pest of the Tropics and Their Control, Cambridge University Pinet and Carvalho (1998) reported that average longevity of males and females was 13.1 and 13.6 days when fed tomato foliage and maintained at about 26C. All rights reserved. rna recombination wilt spotted tomato tospovirus characterization

Florida is home to a large number of invasive as well as native species of thrips. A critical first step to thrips management in tomato begins with proper identification and understanding the biology of the individual thrips species relative to their role in the epidemiology of tospoviruses. It displays the typical development pattern found among thrips that are vegetable crop pests: egg, larva I, larva II, propupa, and pupa before the adult stage. A review of R.S. Because of the frequent occurrence of multiple diseases, peanut yields are often significantly lower than their potential (Holbrook and Stalker, 2003). Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) attacks tomato plants and is most numerous in tomato flowers. In contrast, the genus Thrips, with 285 species worldwide, has no species native to the Americas south of Mexico, and the genus Frankliniella, with 220 species, includes very few that have a natural distribution anywhere outside the New World. Photograph by Vivek Kumar, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida. Nakahara S. (1997) Annotated list of the Frankliniella species of the world (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Thrips are a very small insects. Understanding host plant relationships (2012), and Cluever and Smith (2017). Identification of groundnut Thysanoptera. (1998) in Brazil studied this thrips life cycle at 24.5C and reported that a complete generation takes around 12.6 days. From: Sustainable Management of Arthropod Pests of Tomato, 2018, Germano Leo Demolin Leite, Amanda Fialho, in Sustainable Management of Arthropod Pests of Tomato, 2018. [3] Frankliniella schultzei is therefore a species complex, this is important in an agricultural pest because the different species in a complex often have different capacities to damage crops, or transmit viruses (which is true for F. schultzei). It also occurs nearby in Bermuda and many islands in the Caribbean, and seems likely to spread further within North America. Predation by. Severe infestations can cause discoloration and stunted growth of the plant (Amin and Palmer 1985). CBIT Publishing, Queensland. A summary of biology and characters used for identification is given by Kakkar et al. Pacafic Insects 11: 761-762. The worldwide distributions of many thrips species result from our trading patterns. The first detection of TSW in peanut was in 1973 in Texas (Halliwel and Philley, 1974) and by the 1980s severe TSW problems were reported in peanut in Louisiana (Bond etal., 1983), Alabama (Gudauskas etal., 1988), Georgia (Culbreath etal., 1991), and North Carolina (Brandenburg, 1986). Palmer JM. In the United States, it is limited principally to Florida and Hawaii, but it also occurs elsewhere in greenhouses. [1], It is a polyphagous species with a wide host range that includes 83 species of plant in 35 different families. At around 25C (77F), the life cycle takes about twelve days; the eggs hatch after four days, there are two larval stages, followed by a non-feeding prepupal and a pupal stage before the adult emerges. However, due to its polyphagous feeding behavior, Frankliniella schultzei also attacks tomato, sweet potato, coffee, sorghum, chillies, onion and sunflower (Hill 1975). Therefore, the use of more robust assays such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), competitive allele-specific PCR (KASPar) and genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approaches are needed. However, as with occidentalis, molecular diversity has been demonstrated within schultzei, but similarly without any demonstration of host plant associations differing, or any other biological differences, between the sibling species (Hereward et al., 2017). (1989). 2012. Most of the 180 described species are known only from the neotropics, butF. schultzei,F. occidentalisandF. williamsihave been widely introduced around the world (Kirk & Terry, 2003).

Frankliniella schultzei can cause both direct and indirect damages to crop. 2007. In the peanut growing regions, high yielding, well-adapted cultivars contain multiple resistances to biotic stresses that can provide enhanced and sustainable peanut production (Dwivedi etal., 2003). This may explain the inability of adult thrips to transmit the virus if the virus is acquired for the first time in its adult life.