In the 5th century, the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire, ruled from the recently renamed Constantinople, maintained control of the city. [196] Old gates to the Haram lost importance and new gates were built,[196] while significant parts of the northern and western porticoes along the edge of the Temple Mount plaza were built or rebuilt in this period. [410][411] In August 2015, the city council approved construction of a 344-foot pyramid-shaped skyscraper designed by Daniel Libeskind and Yigal Levi, in place of a rejected previous design by Libeskind; it is set to break ground by 2019.[412]. Following Sassanid Khosrau II's early 7th century push through Syria, his generals Shahrbaraz and Shahin attacked Jerusalem (Persian: Dej Houdkh) aided by the Jews of Palaestina Prima, who had risen up against the Byzantines. [note 5] Modern scholars argue that Jews branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatrousand later monotheisticreligion centred on El/Yahweh. The Moroccan Quarter, which was located adjacent to the Western Wall, was evacuated and razed[251] to make way for a plaza for those visiting the wall. [319] [237][238] The Western Wall was transformed into an exclusively Muslim holy site associated with al-Buraq. According to a Midrash, the name is a combination of two names united by God, Yireh ("the abiding place", the name given by Abraham to the place where he planned to sacrifice his son) and Shalem ("Place of Peace", the name given by high priest Shem). With summers averaging similar temperatures as the coastline, the maritime influence from the Mediterranean Sea is strong, in particular given that Jerusalem is located on a similar latitude as scorching hot deserts not far to its east. [17][18][19][20] In 1538 CE, the surrounding city walls were rebuilt for a last time under Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire. The city is home to the Knesset,[307] the Supreme Court,[308] the Bank of Israel, the National Headquarters of the Israel Police, the official residences of the President and Prime Minister, the Cabinet, and all ministries except for the Ministry of Defense (which is located in central Tel Aviv's HaKirya district) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (which is located in Rishon LeZion, in the wider Tel Aviv metropolitan area, near Beit Dagan). Over the next four hundred years, Jerusalem's prominence diminished as Arab powers in the region vied for control of the city. Every year there were 5,000 to 6,000 Russian Christian Pilgrims. The Seleucid attempt to recast Jerusalem as a Hellenized city-state came to a head in 168 BCE with the successful Maccabean revolt of Mattathias and his five sons against Antiochus IV Epiphanes, and their establishment of the Hasmonean Kingdom in 152 BCE with Jerusalem as its capital. [206] According to the Prussian consul, the population in 1845 was 16,410, with 7,120 Jews, 5,000 Muslims, 3,390 Christians, 800 Turkish soldiers and 100 Europeans. Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo. [321], Jerusalem is 60km (37mi)[322] east of Tel Aviv and the Mediterranean Sea. Stanford: Stanford University Press. The Israel Museum attracts nearly one million visitors a year, approximately one-third of them tourists. [154], Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Emperor Hadrian combined Iudaea Province with neighboring provinces under the new name of Syria Palaestina, replacing the name of Judea. [387][388][389] The first verse in the Qur'an's Surat al-Isra notes the destination of Muhammad's journey as al-masjid al-aq ("the farthest place of prayer"). [368] The Temple Mount, which was the site of Solomon's Temple and the Second Temple, is the holiest site in Judaism and the place Jews turn towards during prayer. [22] Since 1860, Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City's boundaries.

Youll need to match them to their countries. The types of structures built included madrasas, libraries, hospitals, caravanserais, fountains (or sabils), and public baths. Paul Winter, "Note on Salem Jerusalem", "No city in the world, not even Athens or Rome, ever played as great a role in the life of a nation for so long a time, as Jerusalem has done in the life of the Jewish people. [243], During the 1948 war, the Jewish residents of Eastern Jerusalem were expelled by Jordan's Arab Legion. [456] Jerusalem is home to the Palestinian National Theatre, which engages in cultural preservation as well as innovation, working to rekindle Palestinian interest in the arts. The Israel Festival, featuring indoor and outdoor performances by local and international singers, concerts, plays, and street theater has been held annually since 1961, and Jerusalem has been the major organizer of this event. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Costa Rica and El Salvador followed in 2006. [65], One of the earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem is dated to the sixth or seventh century BCE[66][67] and was discovered in Khirbet Beit Lei near Beit Guvrin in 1961. [430], Al-Quds University was established in 1984[431] to serve as a flagship university for the Arab and Palestinian peoples. The Mavromatis concession, in effect despite earlier British attempts to abolish it, covered Jerusalem and other localities (e.g., Bethlehem) within a radius of 20km (12mi) around the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. "Israel without the Bible". One example, discovered north of the Old City, contains human remains in a 1st-century CE ossuary decorated with the Aramaic inscription "Simon the Temple Builder. After the Six-Day War the population of Jerusalem increased by 196%. Under Herod, the area of the Temple Mount doubled in size. [74][75][76] Called the "Fortress of Zion" (metsudat Zion), it was renamed as the "City of David",[77] and was known by this name in antiquity. [183] After Atsz was killed, the Seljuk prince Tutush I granted the city to Artuk Bey, another Seljuk commander. Early on, the city was devastated by a brutal civil war between several Jewish factions fighting for control of the city. The area also suffered from many earthquakes and black plague. Resolution 181 (II). From 1229 to 1244, Jerusalem peacefully reverted to Christian control as a result of a 1229 treaty agreed between the crusading Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and al-Kamil, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, that ended the Sixth Crusade. [342], In 2005, 2,850 new immigrants settled in Jerusalem, mostly from the United States, France and the former Soviet Union. [448] It houses an estimated 100,000 books and articles. [441] The Ticho House in downtown Jerusalem houses the paintings of Anna Ticho and the Judaica collections of her husband, an ophthalmologist who opened Jerusalem's first eye clinic in this building in 1912. Mitchell Geoffrey Bard. In the early 20th century the city, along with all of historic Palestine, became the focus of the competing national aspirations of Zionists and Palestinian Arabs. The war led to displacement of Arab and Jewish populations in the city. In 1967, despite Israeli pleas that Jordan remain neutral during the Six-Day War, Jordan, which had concluded a defense agreement with Egypt on 30 May 1967, attacked Israeli-held West Jerusalem on the war's second day. The State of Palestine (according to the Basic Law of Palestine, Title One: Article 3) regards Jerusalem as its capital. [429] There were nearly 8,000 twelfth-grade students in Hebrew-language schools during the 20032004 school year. This episode has been the subject of much debate between historians. A World Bible Center is planned to be built adjacent to Mount Zion at a site called the "Bible Hill". [439] Arab high school students take the Bagrut matriculation exams, so that much of their curriculum parallels that of other Israeli high schools and includes certain Jewish subjects. The complex contains a state-of-the-art museum that explores the genocide of the Jews through exhibits that focus on the personal stories of individuals and families killed in the Holocaust. in 2013, 75% of the 3.5million tourists to Israel visited Jerusalem. 35, Walid Khalidi (1996) Islam, the West and Jerusalem. The city, which had been virtually emptied, was recolonized by a variegated inflow of Greeks, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Georgians, Armenians, Syrians, Egyptians, Nestorians, Maronites, Jacobite Miaphysites, Copts and others, to block the return of the surviving Muslims and Jews. (2016 est.) Over centuries of warfare and neglect, these forests were destroyed. [465] The Jewish-Arab Youth Orchestra performs both European classical and Middle Eastern music. [87] Palestinian Arab families who hail from this city are often called "Qudsi" or "Maqdisi", while Palestinian Muslim Jerusalemites may use these terms as a demonym.[88]. [164], In the Siege of Jerusalem of 614, after 21 days of relentless siege warfare, Jerusalem was captured. [422] The Board of Governors has included such prominent Jewish intellectuals as Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud. Synagogues, churches, mosques, and dwellings in various styles make up the citys unique architectural mosaic. [78][79] Another name, "Zion", initially referred to a distinct part of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole, and afterwards to represent the whole biblical Land of Israel. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre contains the two holiest sites in Christianity: the site where Jesus was crucified, and Jesus's empty tomb, where he is believed by Christians to have been buried and resurrected. 1", "No agreement without a Palestinian capital in Jerusalem: Mahmoud Abbas", The Controversial Sovereignty over the City of Jerusalem (22 June 2015, The National Catholic Reporter), Jerusalem: Opposition to mooted Trump Israel announcement grows, United Nations Security Council Resolution 478, "Bill to Grant Jerusalem Priority Status Inside Israel CBN News Christian News 247", "Jewish Inroads in Muslim Quarter: Settlers' Project to Alter Skyline of Jerusalem's Old City", Arafat Signs Law Making Jerusalem Palestinian Capital, "Netanyahu: 'Jerusalem is the heart of the nation. [346][347], While some Israelis avoid Jerusalem for its relative lack of development and religious and political tensions, the city has attracted Palestinians, offering more jobs and opportunity than any city in the West Bank or Gaza Strip. Eleven of the skyscrapers will be either office or apartment buildings, and one will be a 2,000-room hotel. The 3,000-year-old[236] Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery was desecrated, with gravestones used to build roads, latrines and Jordanian army fortifications. [433] Al-Quds University resides southeast of the city proper on a 190,000m2 (47-acre) Abu Dis campus.[431]. S. R. Silverburg, Pakistan and the West Bank: A research note.

To a large extent it is this approach that still guides the diplomatic behaviour of states and thus has greater force in international law" (Susan M. Akram, Michael Dumper, Michael Lynk, Iain Scobbie (eds. The elevation of the Old City is approximately 760m (2,490ft). [37][38] This is due to its status as the first qibla (the standard direction for Muslim prayers) before Mecca. Areas of discord have included whether the Palestinian flag can be raised over areas of Palestinian custodianship and the specificity of Israeli and Palestinian territorial borders. [453] The station itself has become a venue for cultural events in recent years as the site of Shav'ua Hasefer (an annual week-long book fair) and outdoor music performances. p. 20. [32][33][34] The holiness of Jerusalem in Christianity, conserved in the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible[35] that was adopted by Christians as the Old Testament,[36] was reinforced by the New Testament's account of Jesus' crucifixion and subsequent resurrection there. [175] With the Arab conquest, Jews were allowed back into the city. In November 2018, Moshe Lion was elected mayor. [314] In the November 2008 city elections, Nir Barkat was elected. In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature.

Most population data before 1905 is based on estimates, often from foreign travellers or organisations, since previous census data usually covered wider areas such as the Jerusalem District. [404], Jerusalem has traditionally had a low-rise skyline. Local newspapers include Kol Ha'Ir and The Jerusalem Times. In biblical times, Jerusalem was surrounded by forests of almond, olive and pine trees. The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 478 on 20 August 1980, which declared that the Jerusalem Law is "a violation of international law", is "null and void and must be rescinded forthwith". [141] In about 445 BCE, King Artaxerxes I of Persia issued a decree allowing the city (including its walls) to be rebuilt. By comparison, the percentage of land in Tel Aviv zoned for industry and infrastructure is twice as high, and in Haifa, seven times as high. [472][473], In basketball, Hapoel Jerusalem is one of the top teams in the top division. When Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire, Jerusalem and Judea came under Macedonian control, eventually falling to the Ptolemaic dynasty under Ptolemy I. Long an object of veneration and conflict, the holy city of Jerusalem has been governed, both as a provincial town and a national capital, by an extended series of dynasties and states. [198] The well-known and far-traveled lexicographer Fairuzabadi (13291414) spent ten years in Jerusalem.

Since medieval times, the Old City of Jerusalem has been divided into Jewish, Muslim, Christian, and Armenian quarters. The study also found that about nine percent of the Old City's 32,488 people were Jews. The Palestinian National Authority views East Jerusalem as occupied territory according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 242. [219], As the British Mandate for Palestine was expiring, the 1947 UN Partition Plan recommended "the creation of a special international regime in the City of Jerusalem, constituting it as a corpus separatum under the administration of the UN. The Palestinian Authority claims Jerusalem, including the Haram al-Sharif, as the capital of the State of Palestine,[277] The PLO claims that West Jerusalem is also subject to permanent status negotiations. [367] The first section, the Torah (Pentateuch), only mentions Moriah, but in later parts of the Bible, the city is mentioned explicitly. [17][18][19][20][151] The contemporary Jewish historian Josephus wrote that the city "was so thoroughly razed to the ground by those that demolished it to its foundations, that nothing was left that could ever persuade visitors that it had once been a place of habitation. The (Q) is pronounced either with a voiceless uvular plosive (/q/), as in Classical Arabic, or with a glottal stop () as in Levantine Arabic. Jerusalem has been sacred to Judaism for roughly 3000 years, to Christianity for around 2000 years, and to Islam for approximately 1400 years. The Jerusalem College of Technology, founded in 1969, combines training in engineering and other high-tech industries with a Jewish studies program. [257][258] The final status of Jerusalem has been one of the most important areas of discord between Palestinian and Israeli negotiators for peace. Between 1838 and 1876, a number of estimates exist which conflict as to whether Jews or Muslims were the largest group during this period, and between 1882 and 1922 estimates conflict as to exactly when Jews became an absolute majority of the population. Jerusalem is served by highly developed communication infrastructures, making it a leading logistics hub for Israel. [24], Within the past few years, there has been a steady increase in the Jewish birthrate and a steady decrease in the Arab birthrate. The former mayor of Jerusalem, Uri Lupolianski, was elected in 2003. The Gospel of John describes it as being located outside Jerusalem,[380] but recent archaeological evidence suggests Golgotha is a short distance from the Old City walls, within the present-day confines of the city. [319] The Kidron Valley runs to the east of the Old City and separates the Mount of Olives from the city proper. [note 6] One of Israel's Basic Laws, the Jerusalem Law of 1980, refers to "complete and undivided" Jerusalem as the country's capital. Mavromatis claimed that his concessions overlapped with the Auja Concession that the government had awarded to Rutenberg in 1921 and that he had been deprived of his legal rights. King Hussein of Jordan flying over the Temple Mount in East Jerusalem when it was under Jordanian control, 1965. [286] Following the resolution, 22 of the 24 countries that previously had their embassy in (West) Jerusalem relocated them in Tel Aviv, where many embassies already resided prior to Resolution 478. [205], Ottoman rule was reinstated in 1840, but many Egyptian Muslims remained in Jerusalem and Jews from Algiers and North Africa began to settle in the city in growing numbers. Though Jerusalem's sacred character goes back three millennia". The complex is expected to attract many businesses from Tel Aviv, and become the city's main business hub. [419], Jerusalem is served by Ben Gurion Airport, some 50km (30mi) northwest of the Jerusalem, on the route to Tel Aviv. [450] The International Convention Center (Binyanei HaUma) near the entrance to city houses the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's), Jane M. Cahill, 'Jerusalem at the time of the United Monarchy', in Andrew G. Vaughn, Ann E. Killebrew (eds.). "[152] Of the 600,000 (Tacitus) or 1,000,000 (Josephus) Jews of Jerusalem, all of them either died of starvation, were killed or were sold into slavery. A popular non-competitive sports event is the Jerusalem March, held annually during the Sukkot festival. The Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra, established in the 1940s,[450] has appeared around the world. An estimated minimum of 30,000 people had become refugees.[225][226]. Neighboring cities and towns include Bethlehem and Beit Jala to the south, Abu Dis and Ma'ale Adumim to the east, Mevaseret Zion to the west, and Ramallah and Giv'at Ze'ev to the north.[324][325][326]. [377] The Cenacle, believed to be the site of Jesus' Last Supper, is located on Mount Zion in the same building that houses the Tomb of King David. [101], Shuafat has an intermittent settlement history, in part from periods other than Jerusalem's, with 7,000-year-old architectural findings from the Chalcolithic,[102] then from the Second Temple period (2nd1st century BCE, a fortified agricultural settlement)[103][104][105] and the short period between the end of the First JewishRoman War (6670) and the Bar Kokhba revolt (132135), being re-inhabited on a smaller scale during the 2nd4th centuries CE. [39] In Islamic tradition, the Islamic prophet Muhammad made his Night Journey to Jerusalem in 621 CE, from where he ascended to heaven and spoke to God, according to the Quran. [459] The Islamic Museum on the Temple Mount, established in 1923, houses many Islamic artifacts, from tiny kohl flasks and rare manuscripts to giant marble columns. [190][191][192][193][194] The Ayyubids retained control of the Muslim holy places, and Arab sources suggest that Frederick was not permitted to restore Jerusalem's fortifications. Many national institutions of Israel are located in Kiryat HaMemshala in Givat Ram in Jerusalem as a part of the Kiryat HaLeom project which is intended to create a large district that will house most government agencies and national cultural institutions.