And the first paragraph of your results section should be dedicated to your major findings (findings that answer your overall research question and lead to your conclusion) (Hofmann, 2013). In the Discussion section divide and conquer tactics remarkably facilitates writing process of the discussion. Effective writing and publishing scientific papers, part VI: discussion. Alienation periods can cause loss of time because of need for recurrent literature reviews. I have concisely summarized the most important findings. The Discussion section can be generally divided into 3 separate paragraphs as.

Make sure there is no mismatch of the table number or the figure number in text and in figure/tables. Suggestions for further research can lead directly from the limitations. One way to organize the structure of the discussion section is by dividing it into three parts (Ghasemi, 2019): Another possible way to organize the discussion section is by using this structure (Viera et al., 2018; Docherty, 1999): Finally, a last option is structuring your discussion this way (Hofmann, 2013, pg. **** Since conventionally passive voice is used in the scientific manuscripts written in the Turkish language, the above statement contradicts our writing habits. During construction of the sentences, avoid unnecessary words, and active voice rather than passive voice should be used.

What are new research questions to explore based on your findings? Effective writing and publishing scientific papers, part V: results.

Since this approach suits with surgical point of view, probably hunters approach serves our purposes more appropriately. Do your results agree with previous research? There are many different ways to write this section, but you can focus your discussion around four key elements: There is often overlap between the discussion and conclusion, and in some dissertations these two sections are included in a single chapter. Proper matching of the manuscript with the appropriate journal requires clear, and complete comprehension of the available data from scientific point of view. 3) Is it suitable for the publication in the selected journal? Herein your findings rather than those of the other researchers are discussed.

On the other hand references should be promptly put in place while writing the manuscript, Sorting, and placement of the references should not be left to the last moment. Before submission of the manuscript to the target journal the opinions of internal, and external referees should be taken. Your conclusion section allows you to reiterate the main findings of your study, highlight their importance, and point out areas for future research. Instead of No instances of either postoperative death or major complications occurred during the early post-operative period use There were no deaths or major complications occurred during the early post-operative period. Each word whose removal will not change the meaning should be taken out from the text. Writing a saga with word salads*** is one of the reasons for prompt rejection. Aggarwal, R., & Sahni, P. (2018). Singapore Medical Journal, 57(9), 523-523. doi:10.11622/smedj.2016156. Shona McCombes. The reader passes through a test of boredom while reading paragraphs of the Discussion section apart from the introductory, and the last paragraphs. The most optimal approach to manuscript writing process is daily writing strategy where higher levels of motivation are persistently maintained. The conclusion is important, as it is specifically designed to highlight your researchs larger importance outside of the specific results of your study. 1) Introductory paragraph, 2) Intermediate paragraphs, 3) Concluding paragraph. about navigating our updated article layout. Cals, J. W., & Kotz, D. (2013). Common elements of the figures (Bahadoran, 2019): Tables in the result section may contain several elements (Bahadoran, 2019): Its not enough to use figures and tables in your result section to convince your readers about the importance of your findings. The It should focus on explaining and evaluating what you found, showing how it relates to your literature review and research questions, and making an argument in support of your overall conclusion. For example manuscripts which lead to the conclusions as laparoscopic surgery is more painful than open surgery or laparoscopic surgery can be performed without prior training will not be accepted or they will be returned by the editor of the target journal to the authors with the request of critical review. If so, why might this be? Comparison of your results with other published works, Conclusion and possible implications of your study (including the significance of your study), Future research questions based on your findings, Highlight the significance of your findings. ), 3) What meaning does this outcome convey? Figure legend (for example a brief title, experimental/statistical information, or definition of symbols). Expert internal reviewers have a profound knowledge about the subject, and they can provide guidance about the writing process of the manuscript (ie. Indeed young colleagues have the enthusiasm, and energy required for the conduction of the study, while middle-aged researchers have the knowledge to manage the research, and manuscript writing. During this procedure, inevitably some issues which concerns general concept of manuscript writing process are dealt with. You can also begin by highlighting the most significant or unexpected results. Indicating limitations of the study will reflect objectivity of the authors, and provide answers to the questions which will be directed by the reviewers of the journal. Ask yourself these questions: Your overall aim is to show the reader exactly what your research has contributed and why they should care. How did the results answer your research questions? How to Write a Good Scientific Paper: Structure and Organization. Even the best research has some limitations, and acknowledging these is important to demonstrate your credibility. Whats the difference between the discussion and the conclusion? In addition, a research paper must be clear, short, and effective when presenting the information in an organized structure with a logical manner (Sandercock, 2013). Accordingly, the findings of the study are determined in order of their importance, and a paragraph is constructed for each finding (Figure 1). Journal of Micro/ Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS, 13. doi:10.1117/1.JMM.13.4.040101. In qualitative research, results and discussion are sometimes combined. Additionally, we address various issues regarding manuscripts in general.

Tompson A. The previous studies can be an explanation or reinforcement of your findings. On the other hand, manuscript writing process should begin before the completion of the study (even the during project stage). For example, if your sample size was small or limited to a specific group of people, note that this limits its generalizability. Ghasemi, A., Bahadoran, Z., Mirmiran, P., Hosseinpanah, F., Shiva, N., & Zadeh-Vakili, A. Generally the length of the Discussion section should not exceed the sum of other sections (ntroduction, material and methods, and results), and it should be completed within 67 paragraphs.. Each paragraph should not contain more than 200 words, and hence words should be counted repeteadly. Detail how your research findings might address critical gaps or problems in your field, Compare your results to similar studies findings, Consider alternative interpretations to your results. Your lab notebook is a foundation to your research manuscript. should be used instead of white in color, definitely proven, past history, and in order to, respectively (ref. One mistake that some authors often make is to use text to direct the reader to find a specific table or figure without further explanation.

The Results Section. The discussion section. 39-48): Springer. Without repeating Introduction section of the manuscript, the problem to be addressed, and its updateness are analysed. our colleagues from other medical disciplines) are not directly concerned with your subject matter but as mentioned above they critically review the manuscript as for simplicity, clarity, and effectiveness of its writing style. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help During writing process of the manuscript one of these can be selected based on the intensity of the discussion. are registered trademarks of Gold Biotechnology, Inc. We use cookies and other tools on this site.

Writing manuscripts to describe study outcomes, although not easy, is the main task of an academician. FOIA What are the variables or factors that might affect your results?

However summarizing the basic findings of the experimental studies in the first paragraph is generally recommended by the editors of the journal.[5]. The reason for this is that during writing process of the main text, the significant study outcomes might become insignificant or vice versa. In this paragraph, main topic should be emphasized without going into much detail. It serves almost as a rudimentary dra What is a Good Way to Read a Scientific Paper?

You can provide additional data in tables and figures as supplementary material. In a good discussion section, you should do the following: For more specific details on your Discussion section, be sure to review Sections 3.8 (pp. Some of the common reasons the results and discussion sections might cause reviewers to reject a manuscript are (Bordage, 2001). Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 22(6), 636-640. The discussion section can be written in 3 parts: an introductory paragraph, intermediate paragraphs and a conclusion paragraph. Dont just repeat all the data you have already reported aim for a clear statement of the overall result that directly answers your mainresearch question. Limitations might be due to your overall research design, specific methodological choices, or unanticipated obstacles that emerged during the research process.

Based on the scope of your paper, your conclusion could be anywhere from one to three paragraphs long. However writing manuscripts is a challenging endeavour in that we physicians have a heavy workload, and English which is common language used for the dissemination of scientific knowledge is not our mother tongue. One of them is to allocate at least 30 minutes a day for writing a manuscript which amounts to 3.5 hours a week.

PMC legacy view Agronomy, 41. On the other hand, we think that research team consisting of different age groups has some advantages. Only present data that support the significance of your study. The discussion should show how your findings fit with existing knowledge, what new insights they contribute, and what consequences they have for theory or practice. 103-104) of your 7th edition APA manual, University of Southern California (n.d.). 21-38): Springer. Indicate the implication of your research. figures: to display the research data and to show trends or relationships, for examples using graphs or gel pictures. Indeed, in compliance with the writing rules of the target journal, limitations made on the number of words after onset of the writing process, effects mostly the Discussion section. Data are information that you collected from your research (Bahadoran, 2019). Organizing your social sciences research paper: Limitations of the study. Besides application of a template which contains the intended clear-cut messages to be followed will contribute to the communication of net messages. Organizing your social sciences research paper: 9. the conclusion. Instead of Measurements were performed to evaluate the levels of CEA in the serum use We measured serum CEA levels, National Library of Medicine

Herein, at least drafts of the Introduction, and Material and Methods can be written, and even tables containing numerical data can be constructed. One of the important mistakes is refraining from critical review of the manuscript as a whole after completion of the writing process. Accessibility [1], The most important principle to be remembered on this issue is to obey the criteria of simplicity, clarity, and effectiveness. will also be available for a limited time. from past to present, from a few to many cases), and aspects of the study contradictory to other studies should be underlined. Mack, C. (2014). These results build on existing evidence of, The results do not fit with the theory that, The experiment provides a new insight into the relationship between, These results should be taken into account when considering how to, The data contributes a clearer understanding of, The generalizability of the results is limited by, The methodological choices were constrained by. Thus with this so-called hunters approach the target can be achieved directly, and rapidly. Published on Detail (a) sources of potential bias, (b) possible imprecision of measures, (c) other limitations or weaknesses of the study, including any methodological or researcher limitations. The discussion section is probably the most creative section of your paper in terms of telling a story about your research (Ghasemi, 2019; Moore, 2016). For the placement of references use of software programs detailed in other sections is a rational approach. In conclusion, the major point to remember is that the manuscript should be written complying with principles of simplicity, clarity, and effectiveness. If youre unsure of the best structure for your research, look at sample dissertations in your field or consult your supervisor. Previously, similar articles might have been published, however innovative messages, and new perspectives on the relevant subject will facilitate acceptance of the article for publication. To start, organize your research data based on how important those are in relation to your research questions. Updated April 2010. The discussion interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in context, and explains why they matter. Based on the discussion of your results, you can make recommendations for practical implementation or further research. Sharing knowledge produced during academic life is achieved through writing manuscripts. To avoid these problems, you can use an organized structure, such as outlines, points or subheadings, to write the results and discussion section. In the discussion section, outline your thoughts to defend your research and to emphasize the significance of your research. This section should focus on showing important results that support or reject your research hypothesis.