Under the Law, the municipalities, cities and settlements make the bases of the territorial organization.[78]. The effects of continuous aerial bombardment and sanctions cost the Yugoslav economy hundreds of billions of USD[65] and eventually forced Miloevi's government to comply with an agreement put forward by an international delegation. It is important to note that the Montenegrin population often considered themselves as Serbs.[80]. FR Yugoslavia acted to support Serbian separatist movements in breakaway states, including the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the Republika Srpska, and sought to establish them as independent Serbian republics, with potential eventual reintegration with FR Yugoslvia. [75] Miloevi later forced Pani to resign. The state was founded on 27 April 1992 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, known as FR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia which comprised the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro.

JNA units themselves lacked morale, and attacks were often directed against civilian targets rather than military targets. [57] Out of 10,317 civilians, 8,676 Albanians, 1,196 Serbs and 445 Roma, Bosniaks, Montenegrins and others were killed or went missing in connection with the war between 1 January 1998 - 31 December 2000. This can be considered the last act which finalized the dissolution of Yugoslavia.

However, the government of Slobodan Miloevi opposed any such claims, and as such, FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to join the United Nations. The average income of inhabitants of FR Yugoslavia was halved from $3,000 to $1,500. This is because the initial idea of 'Yugoslavia,' was a state of Southern Slavs which could protect itself from foreign empires. Under threat of economically crippling the Republika Srpska, he took over negotiating powers for all Serbian secessionist movements, as well as FR Yugoslavia. Article 23 of the Law for the implementation of the Constitutional Charter[81] stated that a law specifying the new flag was to be passed within 60 days of the first session of the new joint parliament. [46][47] The low level insurgency eventually escalated. According to the 1992 census, the Federal Republic had 10,394,026 inhabitants. Since the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President Slobodan Miloevi in October 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government has implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. Major cities (over 100,000 inhabitants) 2002 data (2003 for Podgorica): This page was last edited on 17 July 2022, at 20:29. Because of that, the country was under economic and political sanctions. Following the Kosovo War, the VJ was forced to evacuate Kosovo, and in 2003 it was renamed the ''Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro.'' As such, the name Yugoslavia was consigned to history. The lasting economic impact can be attributed to the eventual downfall of FR Yugoslavia and Slobodan Miloevi's government, as well as a deeper desire in Montenegro to leave Yugoslavia.[44]. [58] The Serbian government attributed 1,953 Serbian, 361 Albanian and 266 other civilian deaths or disappearances from 1 January 1998 - 1 November 2001 to Albanian terrorism in Kosovo-Metohija. At the 1995 EuroBasket in Athens, its first international competition, the hungry and highly motivated FR Yugoslav team, which was led by head coach Duan Ivkovi, featured a starting five full of world-class talent, with established European stars at positions one through four 27-year-old Saa orevi, 25-year-old Predrag Danilovi, 29-year-old arko Paspalj, 22-year-old Dejan Bodiroga capped off with 27-year-old Vlade Divac, the starting center for the LA Lakers at the five position. It also provided recognition for Serbian institutions and a rotating presidency within Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Serbian populated areas of the former Socialist Republic of Bosnia were absorbed into Bosnia and Herzegovina. NATO responded in March 1999 by ordering airstrikes against Yugoslav military targets and infrastructure, including roads, railroads, administrative buildings and the headquarters of Radio Television Serbia. A new constitutional charter was agreed to provide a framework for the governance of the country. Severe unemployment was a key political and economic problem. In the aftermath of the Kosovo War, a low level insurgency continued in parts of Southern Serbia, which had Albanian minorities. Expulsion of Yugoslavia Breeds Defiance and Finger-Pointing", "A Different Yugoslavia, 8 Years Later, Takes Its Seat at the U.N.", "Prieljkivao sam da na elu Srbije bude Srbijanac", " ", "Yugoslavia | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)", "Constitutional Charter of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro", "Bosnian war News, Research and Analysis", "Yugoslav Army Reported Fighting In Bosnia to Help Serbian Forces", "The UN's Role in the Former Yugoslavia: the Failure of the Middle Way", "U.S. War and sanctions resulted in economic disaster, which forced thousands of its young citizens to emigrate from the country. [32] The ensuing Dayton Agreements, signed between representatives from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Croatia, resulted in each state being recognised as sovereign states.

On 4 February 2003, the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia created a loose state union or confederacythe State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, although Yugoslavia was still commonly used. The senior men's basketball team dominated European and world basketball during the mid-to-late 1990s and early 2000s, with three EuroBasket titles (1995, 1997, and 2001), two FIBA World Cup titles (1998 and 2002), and a Summer Olympic Games silver medal (1996). [59], The international community was quick to respond, issuing a peace proposal to Yugoslavia in 1999. This led to the dissolution of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and the establishment of the independent republics of Serbia and Montenegro, turning Serbia into a landlocked country.

[23] Miloevic continued negotiations with Zulfikarpai to include Bosnia within a new Yugoslavia, however efforts to include the whole of Bosnia within a new Yugoslavia effectively terminated by late 1991 as Izetbegovi planned to hold a referendum on independence while the Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats formed autonomous territories. He then had himself elected Federal President, thus entrenching the power that he already de facto held.[77]. It instead provided economic and political aid,[30] to avoid provoking the international community further, and to preserve FR Yugoslavia as the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, rather than 'Greater Serbia. [35] However, Slobodan Miloevi would not achieve his dreams of admitting FR Yugoslavia to the United Nations as the successor state of SFR Yugoslavia, as an 'outer wall' of Western sanctions prohibited this. With a bench that was just as capable with experienced Zoran Sretenovi (the only player over 30 in the team), Saa Obradovi, talisman power forward Zoran Savi, and up-and-coming young center eljko Rebraa the team rampaged through its preliminary group, which featured medal contenders Greece and Lithuania, with a 60 record. [63][64] The UN Security Council adopted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1160, renewing arms and oil sanctions against FR Yugoslavia, and thus crippling its economy. The turnout was 86.3% and 99.73% of the more than 477,000 votes cast were deemed valid. [82] However the parliament failed to vote on the proposal within the legal time-frame and the flag was not adopted. Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian: C , Srbija i Crna Gora), officially known as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian: , Dravna Zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora) was a country in Southeast Europe located in the Balkans that existed from 1992 to 2006, following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which bordered Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, Macedonia to the south, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, and Albania to the southwest. [9] This would eventually cumulate in the Bulldozer revolution, which saw his government overthrown, and replaced by one led by the Democratic Opposition of Serbia and Vojislav Kotunica, which also joined the UN. [19] The 2003 constitution stated that the name of the state was simply "Serbia and Montenegro".[20]. osi was replaced by Zoran Lili who served from 1993 to 1997, and then followed by Miloevi becoming Yugoslav President in 1997 after his last legal term as Serbian president ended in 1997. Several Bosnian Serb units of the VJ were transferred over to the Republika Srpska, during the course of the Bosnian War, leaving only units directly from Serbia and Montenegro in the armed forces. The agreement was seen as an essential ultimatum[60][61] by NATO to Yugoslavia, and this rejected by the Yugoslav government. [62] NATO's bombing campaign was not approved by the UN Security Council, for fear of a veto by Russia, which would cause controversy as to its legality.

"Unknown Albanian 'liberation army' claims attacks".

[45] In 1996, the Kosovo Liberation Army, an Albanian militia promoting Kosovar independence, launched attacks against Serbian police stations, killing at least ten Serbian policemen in direct attacks between 1996 and 1998. The complexity of the FRY's political relationships, slow progress in privatisation, and stagnation in the European economy were detrimental to the economy. [69] In the aftermath, a new government in Yugoslavia negotiated with the United Nations, accepting that it was not the sole legal successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and was allowed to join the UN. Following the World Cup, this team has been inherited by Serbia, while a new one was to be organized to represent Montenegro in future international competitions. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 led to substantial autonomy for Kosovo, and the establishment of a UN mission to Kosovo, as well as the complete withdrawal of units of the Yugoslav National Army.

In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro came to a new agreement regarding continued co-operation, which, among other changes, promised the end of the name Yugoslavia (since they were part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). The governments of FR Yugoslavia and the US declared the Kosovo Liberation Army a terrorist organisation, following repeated deadly attacks against Yugoslav law enforcement agencies. However, this insurgency lacked international support, and the Yugoslav Armed Forces were able to put down the insurgency. The KLA found itself heavily outnumbered and outgunned in open combat, and had to use guerrilla tactics. [79] The three largest named nationalities were Serbs (6,504,048 inhabitants, or 62.6%), Albanians (1,714,768 inhabitants, or 16.5%) and Montenegrins (519,766 inhabitants, or 5%). Proposals for a compromise flag were dropped after this and the Union of Serbia and Montenegro never adopted a flag. The final squad was made up of players born in both Serbia and Montenegro. Major international highways going through Serbia were E75 and E70. The Assembly convened in the building of the old Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia, which now houses the National Assembly of Serbia. [40][41], On top of this, starting in 1992 and until 1994, the Yugoslav dinar experienced a major hyperinflation, leading to inflation reaching 313 million percent,[42] the second worst hyperinflation in history. Central Serbia was not an administrative division on its own and had no regional government of its own. [70] Miloevi would later be put on trial for corruption and war crimes,[71] especially during the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia,[72] although he died in prison before his trial could end in 2006. [73][74] His culpability, especially of the charges brought against him in the context of the ICTY, remains a subject of controversy within Serbia. [12] Growing separatism in Montenegro, led by Milo ukanovi[13] meant that the Constitution of Serbia and Montenegro included a stanza allowing for a referendum on the question of Montenegrin independence,[14] after a period of three years had passed. Most of the ethnic diversity was situated in the provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina, where smaller numbers of other minority groups could be found. The VJ saw military action during the Yugoslav Wars, including the Siege of Dubrovnik and the Battle of Vukovar, as well as the Kosovo War, and played combat roles during ethnic insurgencies.

The country debuted in the Eurovision Song Contest under the name Serbia and Montenegro in 2004, when eljko Joksimovi got second place. [22] Efforts were also made in 1991 to include SR Bosnia and Herzegovina within the federation, with negotiations between Miloevic, Bosnia's Serbian Democratic Party, and the Bosniak proponent of union Bosnia's Vice-president Adil Zulfikarpai taking place on this matter. Serbia, and in particular the valley of the Morava is often described as "the crossroads between the East and the West" one of the primary reasons for its turbulent history. However, the squad never managed to hit top gearalthough it did make it out of the group, it got eliminated by the Netherlands via an injury-time goal in the round-of-16. [84][85][86] Football was experiencing major success during the 1980s and early 1990s; however, due to the imposed economic sanctions, the country was excluded from all international competitions between 1992 and 1996. Thus, a translation of "Jugoslavija" would be 'South-Slavia' or 'South Slav Land'. [10][11], The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ended in 2003 after the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia voted to enact the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro, which established the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Serbia and Montenegro had an area of 102,350 square kilometres (39,518sqmi), with 199 kilometres (124mi) of coastline.

FR Yugoslavia was composed of four principal political units, consisting of two Republics, and two subordinate Autonomous Provinces, as following: The territorial organisation of the Republic of Serbia was regulated by the Law on Territorial Organisation and Local Self-Government, adopted in the Assembly of Serbia on 24 July 1991. Economists have estimated at least $29 billion in direct damages caused by the bombings.[68]. Shortly afterwards Miloevi resigned and Vojislav Kotunica took over as Yugoslav president and remained president until the state's reconstitution as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Despite being head of the country, osi was forced out of office in 1993 due to his opposition to Serbian President Slobodan Miloevi. This also resulted in hyperinflation between 1992 and 1994. In the early 1990s, the FRY suffered from hyperinflation of the Yugoslav dinar. Serbia is entirely landlocked, with the coastline belonging to Montenegro. The Slavic word jug means 'south', while slavija ('Slavia") denotes a 'land of the Slavs'. The Republic of Serbia was then and is still today divided into 29 districts (17 in Central Serbia, 7 in Vojvodina and 5 in Kosovo, which are now defunct), while the city of Belgrade presents a district of its own. ", "Rights Group Says NATO Bombing in Yugoslavia Violated Law", "Yugoslavia Gives NATO $100 Billion Damage Bill", "Milosevic 'Exonerated'? In the highly charged atmosphere of the OAKA Indoor Arena, the FR Yugoslav team demonstrated its versatility, using defensive prowess in that game to pull off a famous eight-point win, in a tense, low-scoring 6052 game. The north has a continental climate (cold winters and hot summers); the central region has a combination of a continental and Mediterranean climate; the southern region had an Adriatic climate along the coast, with inland regions experiencing hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland. Serbia was divided into 195 municipalities and 4 cities, which were the basic units of local autonomy. Demographics of FR Yugoslavia in 1992[79], FR Yugoslavia had more demographic variety than most other European countries. Afterwards, the two republics had separate central banks whilst Montenegro began to use different currencies it first adopted the Deutsche Mark, and continued to use it until the Mark fell into disuse to be replaced by the Euro. [16], The official name of the country was the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" ( / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija), or "FR Yugoslavia" for short. It also qualified for Euro 2000, as FR Yugoslavia. In 2004, Montenegro adopted a radically different flag, as its independence-leaning government sought to distance itself from Serbia. Not to be confused with the, along with western Macedonia and south-eastern Montenegro, Metohija controlled by Austria-Hungary 19151918, Proposed national flag and anthem for the State Union. The Port of Bar was the largest seaport located in Montenegro. During that time, FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to compete at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, the 1993 EuroBasket, and also the 1994 FIBA World Championship, which was originally supposed to be hosted by Belgrade, before being taken away from the city and moved to Toronto, Canada. [66][67] As such, Kosovo remained an Autonomous Province of Serbia, but politically and economically independent. Competences of cities and their municipalities were divided. Serbia and Montenegro also participated in the Eurovision Song Contest on two occasions and in Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005 only on one occasion. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}4449N 2028E / 44.817N 20.467E / 44.817; 20.467, Federal republic (19922003) and political union (200306) in the Balkans, "FRY" redirects here. The FRY was suspended from a number of international institutions. to be one of the tournament's dark horses due to being stacked with proven world-class players such as 29-year-old Predrag Mijatovi, 33-year-old Dragan Stojkovi, 29-year-old Sinia Mihajlovi, 28-year-old Vladimir Jugovi, and 31-year-old Dejan Savievi, as well as emerging 19-year-old youngster Dejan Stankovi, and tall 24-year-old target forwards Savo Miloevi and Darko Kovaevi. The damage to FR Yugoslavia was immense, with the government estimating $100 billion in infrastructure damage,[65] as well as 1,200 Serbian and Albanian civilians or soldiers confirmed dead. At the first direct elimination stage, the quarterfinals, FR Yugoslavia scored 104 points to destroy France, thus setting up a semifinal clash with the tournament hosts Greece. In the final, FR Yugoslavia played against the experienced Lithuanian team, which was led by basketball legend Arvydas Sabonis, in addition to other world class players like arnas Mariulionis, Rimas Kurtinaitis, and Valdemaras Chomiius. Initially, all three offices were dominated by allies of Slobodan Milosevic[21] and his Socialist Party of Serbia. [6][51] Despite this, substantial evidence now shows that the CIA had aided in training units of the KLA,[52] although not necessarily providing them with arms and funding. After the federation was reconstituted as a State Union, the new Assembly of the State Union was created. [17] The native name of Yugoslavia remained the same in all South Slavic languages, spoken within the country. [83] Another legal deadline passed and no state anthem was adopted. Federal Prime Minister Milan Pani became frustrated with Miloevi's domineering behaviour during diplomatic talks in 1992, and told Miloevi to "shut up" because Miloevi's position was officially subordinate to his position. Sanctions on fuel meant that fuel stations across the country ran out of petrol,[37] and foreign assets were seized. Thus, FR Yugoslavia was restricted to the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, and became closely associated with breakaway Serb republics during the Yugoslav Wars. The valley is by far the easiest land route from continental Europe to Greece and Asia Minor. [48][49][50] US intelligence also mentioned illegal arms sources of the Kosovo Liberation Army, including conducting raids during the course of the Albanian Civil War, and drug dealing. The final became a classic game of international basketball, with the crafty Yugoslavs prevailing, by a score of 9690, behind orevi's 41 points. The 1998 World Cup appearance in France was accompanied with plenty of expectation and quiet confidence as the team was considered[by whom?] [23] Violence between ethnic Serbs and Bosniaks soon broke out. 17 February 1996. is formally recognised as an independent state, United Nations Security Council Resolution 777, Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro, Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1160, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Council of Ministers of Serbia and Montenegro, Administrative divisions of Serbia and Montenegro, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Football Association of Serbia and Montenegro, List of national border changes since World War I, "Human Development Report Yugoslavia 1996", "Yugoslavs Face Hard Winter as the Blockade Bites", "The World's Greatest Unreported Hyperinflation", "Summary of the Dayton Peace Agreement on Bosnia-Herzegovina", "From a 'terrorist' group to a 'civil defence' corps: The 'transformation' of the Kosovo Liberation Army", "Kosovo Liberation Army | History & Facts", "S/RES/1244(1999) - E - S/RES/1244(1999)", "U.N. In 2006, the year of Montenegrin independence, the country Serbia and Montenegro did not have a representative due to the scandal in Evropesma 2006, but was still able to vote in both the semi-final and the final. After Slobodan Miloevi was elected President of Yugoslavia in 1997, having served his maximum two terms as President of Serbia, he ordered JNA units to move into Kosovo to aid in the suppression of the insurrection. The string of defeats, as well as a complete collapse of the Yugoslav economy, led to mass unpopularity of the essential dictatorship of Slobodan Miloevi and his allies in the Socialist Party of Serbia. Another reason for heightened expectations was that this was the country's first major international appearance following the UN-imposed exile. Along with this, supply links were cut, which meant that the Yugoslav economy could not grow, and imports or exports needed for industries could not be obtained, forcing them to close. [25][26] However, the Government of FR Yugoslavia would treat these republics as separate entities, and gave unofficial, rather than active, aid by transferring control of units from the JNA to the secessionist movements.

[56] 169,824 Serb and Romani civilians were estimated by the UNHCR's Belgrade office to have fled from Kosovo to Serbia and Montenegro by 20 June 1999. The Muslims (Slavic Muslims, including Bosniaks) population lived mostly in the federal border region (mainly Novi Pazar in Serbia, and Roaje in Montenegro). That team was also inherited by Serbia after the tournament, while Montenegro created a separate senior national basketball team afterwards, as well as their own national teams in all other team sports. Serbia and Montenegro was represented after its formal dissolution in the Miss Earth 2006 pageant by a single delegate, Dubravka Skoric. On Sunday, 21 May 2006, Montenegrins voted in an independence referendum, with 55.5% supporting independence. In addition, there were four cities: Belgrade, Ni, Novi Sad and Kragujevac, each having an assembly and budget of its own. '[31], In 1995, following Operation Storm, a military offensive by the Croatian Army, and NATO involvement in the Bosnian War, President Slobodan Miloevi agreed to negotiate, as the Serbian position within Bosnia had become substantially worse. After the sanctions were lifted, the national team qualified for two FIFA World Cupsin 1998 as FR Yugoslavia and in 2006 as Serbia and Montenegro. Miloevi was eventually removed from power, as his Socialist Party of Serbia lost in the federal elections to the Democratic Opposition of Serbia. [39] The crippled state of the Yugoslav economy also affected its ability to wage war, and after 1992, Yugoslavia had an extremely limited military role within the Yugoslav Wars, due to the JNA units being unable to operate without oil or munitions. [28][29] Slobodan Miloevi, the President of Serbia, did not consider himself to be at war with the breakaway republics of Yugoslavia. Following the Dayton Agreement, the UN Security Council voted to lift most sanctions, but they were reissued following the outbreak of an Albanian insurgency in Kosovo. In 2006, the referendum was called, and passed,[15] by a narrow margin. The new state abandoned the Communist legacy: the red star was removed from the national flag, and the communist coat of arms was replaced by a new coat of arms representing Serbia and Montenegro. The subsequent Montenegrin proclamation of independence on 3 June 2006 and the Serbian proclamation of independence on 5 June ended the confederation of Serbia and Montenegro and thus the last remaining vestiges of the former Yugoslavia. The first president from 1992 to 1993 was Dobrica osi, a former communist Yugoslav partisan during World War II and later one of the fringe contributors of the controversial Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The color shade Pantone 300C was perceived as the best choice. Economic hardship and war resulted in growing discontent with the government of Slobodan Miloevi and his allies, who ran both Serbia and Montenegro as an effective dictatorship. Further damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry caused by the Kosovo War left the economy only half the size it was in 1990.