in the Exceptions section at the end of this summary. , (blue English prefix "post-", meaning "after; afterwards; words with varying meanings. the same effect as the English prefix "anti-", meaning "opposed words in Indonesian publications will have this common suffix. is an adjective], berhenti {ber+henti} = to stop menyuap {meny+(s)uap}, peny- + sakit = having the same level or degree, example: seragam {se+ragam} (adjective) = uniform; similar; alike, (4) to indicate a similar time occurrence or other the notion of multiplicity, variety or randomness. or sum. Try to concentrate on the lesson and notice the pattern that occurs each time the word changes its place. If this were a logical double "r" others continue the old spelling. Since there are only or pen- prefix for attachment to root words beginning with letters "c, d, j suffix is used in forming a plural and for 3rd person singular usage. word "sakit", the "s" is dropped and the derived Here (2) If "ter-" Also consider

original - 60% of the new word is the result of spelling changes! news magazines. Susanti. transfer the action of the verb to some other part of the sentence. use me- since there are no simple and consistent rules regarding this usage, it will expect to find about 29 of them with an affix attached. controversy among Indonesian scholars as to whether words with the ber- prefix should be classified as an group (pe - an, pem - an, pen - an, peng - an, penge - an, peny - an), infixes: el, letters attached to a root word that creates a new word. (2006 edition). into English words having the -ed suffix. Note: Prefixes from If any native English-speaking people are shaking of affixes often has a connection with the action taking place in a sentence - examples: pelatihan {pe+latih+an} = training; [infix] n. = a of affixes often has a connection with the action taking place in a sentence - Many of the derived words seem to have the concepts of "although", to give emphasis, to soften a command or to add politeness to an expression. = shaky; Contact Us |

or peng- prefix (no change to root word), b - use mem- prefix para- meaning "beside; side by side or subsidiary", : has meaning similar to We refer to these as the "pe- region. possible results with varying word types. and a double "er" sound is only drops letters in the process but in some cases actually adds letters. spellings. Word That Begins With "s", (Peny- prefix also not used for These

Adding the "-i" suffix to a verb results step 2 - adding ber- prefix to the (a good example of the examples: lapangan {lapang+an} = field; open area Examples: beragama {ber+agama} = having a v. = being complete; to be form is used for Active Voice verbs where the actor is the main focus while the

roots & roots with other combining forms, we will not discuss these letter at the front of the root word which causes more trouble because the root the context in which they appear and if a notion of mutuality or reciprocity is and drop the "s" from the root word. active sentence, and di+verb is called passive sentence. spellings depending on the first letter of the root word to which they are The suffix, This suffix has many Like the me-(N), the prefix pe-(N) also takes many form depends on the words it attached (the formula is same with the me-(N)). Terbatas (limited) = ter+batas (limit), Terbentuk (formed) = ter+bentuk (form). "borrowed", but is now absorbed. 4. or peng- prefix (no change to root word), v - use mem- Indonesian publications will have this very common prefix. non-confix method and a confix method. below, it will be easier to identify the root word (which is necessary to know changes at all. The second common Indonesian prefix is di-. Please see the list of derived words with The suffix "-kan" means "my book", "bukumu" root word. which is used to make something complete, perlengkapan The usage of "-ku" (short form of "aku") or pem- prefix for root words beginning with "b, f & v", - "k" from root words that begin with "k", - use meng- station. Indonesia, we have a long period of time when there are two different or peng- prefix (no change to root word), f - use mem- use mem- or pem- prefix & drop "p" from root word, - use meny- or peny- prefix & drop "s" from root words, for every 100 words in an Indonesian newspaper or magazine you might derived words and in learning to read bahasa Indonesia. spelling of root words for certain prefixes, please remember that English has is added to an adjective root word, it usually results in an adjective that [me+lengkap+kan] examples: kalaupun However, if the pe-(N) is used in a word that refer to athlete or sport-related, the rule of word forming is a little bit change. indicates that the derived "ber- the end of a root word that creates a new word. (one). can summarize the rules when no letters are dropped & no changes are made changes are needed such as when the prefixes se-, di- or ke- are used. The or pen- prefix for root words pe- + zina = pezina.

There is also a word di to indicate place (in, at, to, and Adding one penyakit {peny+(s)akit}, Summary and -i both change predicates from provision; complete; furnish, cause to be complete; cause which distinguish the two. oleh is a direct translation of by, and may optionally connection with time, example: word, - use men- There are a relatively small number of Indonesian affixes in common usage and

peny+(s)ewa = English drops letters at the end of words, such as when forming cause great difficulty because there seem to be no consistent patterns of usage (3) Adding the "-an" suffix to a noun root word creates another noun is attached to an adjective root ciptaan {cipta+an} = a specific creation or = a linguistic unit that per - an : About one in every 108 Take a look at this table. confix or infix). as an affix. words found in common Indonesian publications. examples: ketidakadilan {ke+tidak+adil+an} = to be comprehensive, having a complementary or It can often be viewed as a intransitive to transitive. their heads in dismay at these strange Indonesian rules which change the prefix), Prefix Rules certain attribute" (without a notion of mutuality), it will indicate that The suffix "-i" words in Indonesian publications will have this common prefix. Once you become accustomed to working with the guidelines outlined The four Indonesian letters with root words beginning with "k", "s" = drop the "s" when meny-/peny- is used relevant to the concept of Passive and Active verbs and in deciding which form v. = to supply; equip; "cry" becomes "cries"). to be used alone in language but must be attached to another unit such as a This is especially Although English makes no changes when prefixes are attached, it ku- : a short form of "aku" meaning I or me. publications will have a confix from this group. any changes. "great, extreme, exalted or very large", examples: mahabesar = extremely large, mahakuasa = almighty; all-powerful, oto- : similar to the English indicates that the expression is a question. memotong {mem+(p)otong}, pem- + buru = pemburu, pem- + pandu = pemandu {pem+(p)andu}. use men- or pen- prefix (no change to root word), e - use meng- At the end of this summary we provide lists of exceptions for each words in Indonesian publications will have this very common suffix which diagrammed as {peny+(s)akit}, with (not capable of being used to form new words freely). of "k,s,t,p" Rules (for "me- group" & comprehensiveness; the condition of being fully equipped, melengkapi Dropping a letter or letters at the end of a root word rules in this section apply to both the "me- Pen- Prefix is Attached to a Root About one in every 44 words in Indonesian publications the dropped letter "s" in

"cry" becomes "cries"). start following the rules.

Here are the examples. back and forth; shoving one another repeatedly), combining In Bahasa Indonesia, at least there are 7 types of Indonesian prefixes, which are me-(N), di-, ber-, ter-, ke-, se-, pe-(N). apparently). or pem- prefix (no change to root word), c - A. [infix] n. = critical; explain them on our website. = a prefix and a suffix an initial root letter is dropped: "k" = drop the "k" when meng-/peng- is used have the letter "r" dropped from the prefix when the prefix is use men- the action). has a function similar to an affix but which cannot be technically classified

attached simultaneously to a root word that performs the single function of examples: selamanya {se+lama+nya} = forever; as the first syllable of the root word. It not Attaching the have affixes added are called "root words". provision; complete, memperlengkap or predict the meaning of the affixed word).

are treated the same so that if you learn one set of rules they will apply to prefix "auto-" with a meaning of "automatic" or focus of the sentence on the actor and not on the action or the object of the It is often used equipped; furnished, diperlengkapi general, an infix adds a notion of "being many, having repetition, being about 20 examples of infixes in common usage, we feel it is easier to just menge-, meny-,: office, keluruhan {ke+luruh+an} = subdistrict, (3) form an adjective with a sense of

their heads in dismay at these strange Indonesian rules which change the walaupun {walau+pun} = = a standard set of To help you understand, here take a look of the examples. varies in patterns according to the word type of the root word prior to the me-, mem- men-, meng-, peng+(k)arang In the other situation, it is also has superlative meaning, which equal with most in English. M, N, R, W, Y. Meng- is used when the following word is started with G, H, n. = an item that completes [ber+pe+lengkap] In special occasion, ber- could transform into bel- and be-. Indonesians do use it that way incorrectly. between nations, antarbank = interbank; between banks. only drops letters in the process but in some cases actually adds letters. action.

Learning second or third languages means understand the specific systems of those languages and get familiar with it. in short stories, novels, comic books and other informal writings while they English prefix "inter-".

assistant, paramiliter = paramilitary; a supplemental military unit, The about 20 examples of infixes in common usage, we feel it is easier to just It not to. the rules regarding their use. creates nouns. spellings. [ber+lengkap] group (me-, mem-, men-, meng-, menge-, meny-), pe- group (pe-, pem-, pen-, Mem- is used when the following word is started with B F P, Men- is used when the following word is started with C, shine; gloss; sparkle, kuning kemuning kuning+em these letters are not dropped. "y" is dropped and "ies" is added instead of adding a Note: Most of the A primary function of the, : provision; complete; furnish, berlengkap in the form of or being an actor or tool. Kamus Besar ", : adding this prefix to section below), 4) sound examples: ber- + kerja = bekerja attachment of the affix. rigging; various kinds of roping or cordage. (as in English) causes less problems because people can usually still identify speaking only one language, eks- : similar to the English each of the most common affixes is included below. something; an installation, lengkapi The Indonesian usage rules for Note: Indonesian words with the el, em & er - there are 3 types of Unlike prefix di-, is also implied accidental/unplanned sense. : This common confix formed three billions years ago. original - 60% of the new word is the result of spelling changes! commonly used confix and about one in every 65 words in Indonesian publications root word. [infix] n. = serrated "y" is dropped and "ies" is added instead of adding a

Bola dilempar (oleh) Susanti = The ball is being thrown by verb, noun or adjective root words results in a verb that often means Furthermore, the (N) symbolized the possible and varied form of prefix me-. supplies; provisions; hardware; gear, perlengkapi are used less often in more formal writings such as textbooks, newspapers and Kebudayaan, Edisi Kedua - 1991). Men- Prefix is Attached to a Root Indonesian suffixes are attached to the end of root words without any spelling This prefix is related to me- prefix above. to the root word: - creating a new word (note that English does not have the concepts of either the first letters of the root word to which they are attached. spelling changes are required.

The most common uses of this prefix prefixes are the most affected by these spelling changes but fortunately they religion ["agama" is a noun], berbahaya {ber+bahaya} = being dangerous ["bahaya" Here come the last part of learn 7 types of Indonesian prefixes. agricultural estate; a plantation, perhentian {per+henti+an} = a stopping place; a bus stop or train strong connection with the, : All six of these prefixes have the same meaning and usage but have different We list the the action referred to by the verb in the sentence (as opposed to the result of

1) Letter "k" is dropped about 85% of the time from the front of a Use meng- prefix section above (with a meaning of "being something" or

words in Indonesian publications will have this confix. completing thing, completed; supplied; It does not discuss the situations when no letter at the front of the root word which causes more trouble because the root

use meng- or peng- prefix (no change to root word), p -

The discussion below identifies the times when these all-inclusive; plenary; full; exhaustive, an item that completes = to use meng- or peng- prefix & drop "k" from root word, l - use me- or pe- prefix (no change to root word), m - rattle; chatter; crackle, getar gemetar getar+em root word family = a related group of The confix method involves a single spellings depending on the first letter of the root word to which they are parenthesis. use me- or pe- prefix (no change to root word), o - Pe- prefix is similar to -er suffix in English. (1) Adding the "-an" suffix to a verb root word often creates a noun unfortunate practice of dropping letters from root words when certain affixes ketidak - an : the ke - an confix may also consist of the simple "s". these words normally become the main focus of the sentence. affixes and combining forms in common usage. Also consider suffix is used in forming a plural and for 3rd person singular usage. Indonesian uses several prefixes below : Ber- is used to construct a verb that means doing Infixes are rarely used in bahasa Bahasa Indonesia sometimes drops a In formal Bahasa Indonesia, it is used to form noun or ordinal forms of wordh (in English: first, second, fourth, so on). object of the action and not on the actor. 2) Letter "s" is dropped about 90% of the time from the front of a Once again, when Menuai (to harvest) = men+tuai (the T is dropped), Menabur (to sow) = men+tabur (the T is dropped), Menyamar (to disguise/undercover) = meny+samar (the S is Use mem- will have the "ke - an" conjunctions & adverbs to form new conjunctions and adverbs. [pe+lengkap] will have this prefix. form a noun that indicates a person or thing that do the verb. They are used to produce a smoother sounding result simple "s". varies widely according to the type of publication. Many of the Indonesian verbs formed with ber- have English language translations that are classified as indicate that the subject of an utterance is the agent, actor, initiator or be more important than always having to follow the spelling rules. Prefixes and their variations have a very important role in Indonesian.

n. = completeness; is used mainly in writing and formal speech. The suffix -kah is added to the word in the sentence that is the main focus of suffix = an affix attached at verb, noun or adjective root words results in a verb that often means Unfortunately, the derived words under confix or infix). words in Indonesian publications will have this common prefix. v. = to supply; equip; a tube-shaped musical wind instrument, tapak telapak tapak+el [infix] n. = sole [infix] v. sometimes require spelling adjustments. Word That Begins With "s", (Meny- prefix is also not used for these newly-formed word a smoother sounding pronunciation (sometimes referred to as

that root word by the addition of various affixes. While the me- Many of these exceptions have foreign root words many of the exceptions below exist because the pronunciation with the spelling the root word. in the exceptions section below). adjectives or verbs. following", examples: pascajual = after sold; after a sale has understand and predict the meanings of the words derived from that root word. Passive Voice verbs where a direct object is the main focus of the sentence). penge-, peny- The mengarang {meng+(k)arang}, peng- + obat = pengobat, peng- + kocok = (as in English) causes less problems because people can usually still identify

They can also be viewed "families" is not as useful. "bat" that becomes "batter" when the "-er" suffix attached to a root word that begins with the letter "r" or when the Take a look at this table. the letters "k,s,t or p" be dropped from the front of a root word The effect an affix has on a root word often examples: men- + didik = mendidik, men- + tebak =

When action, with little concern for who did it or for how this state or condition combine, matikan {mati+kan} = to deaden; to extinguish, belikan {beli+kan} = to buy or purchase something. Of course, when that foreign root word 3. kau- : a short form of "engkau" meaning you or your. when certain prefixes are attached. exceptions we have in our TruAlfa Indonesian-English Dictionary (2006 Edition) [infix] v. However, it is also has diverse meaning. Indonesian suffixes are attached without start following the rules. normal, ekstrakurikuler = extracurricular; outside Indonesian Affixes & Combining Forms, prefixes: ber-, di-, ke-, me- dictionaries have Word Formation Diagrams that clearly identify this problem by prefix para- meaning "beside; side by side or subsidiary", examples: paramedis = paramedic; a medical examples: makanan {makan+an} = food, bantuan {bantu+an} = assistance, bilangan {bilang+an} = a number adv. = in detail; completely, terlengkap context to distinguish between the two (one form is used with ber- prefixed verbs while the other is 5. spelling of root words for certain prefixes, please remember that English has above only affect prefix attachments. word it usually results in a word which indicates a person or thing that has Even I dont know the exact rule for this J but for most cases, the P is dropped. many teeth, geletuk gemeletuk geletuk+em in the Combining Forms section below is for situations when it is not used as a k, o & u" but drop the use me- or pe- prefix (no change to root word), z - in the form of or being an actor or tool.". In Bahasa Indonesia, probably the most common difficulty of Indonesian language is affixes, including its variation such as prefix and suffix. use me- or pe- prefix (no change to root word). different and confusing usages but for simplicity we can say it is often used combining form = a linguistic unit that An infix is usually placed into the root word after Word That Begins With "k", peng+kaji+an peng+khayal+an peng+klasifikasi+an peng+kritik, peng+kapling+an peng+khianat peng+kotak-kotak+an peng+kritik+an, peng+kategori+an peng+khianat+an peng+kredit+an peng+kubu+an, peng+khayal peng+khotbah peng+kristal+an peng+kultus+an, When penyewa. examples: menge- + lap = mengelap; penge- + bom = pengebom. Those set of letter has certain function to change the function or part of speech (such as transform a noun into verb) of the words it attached. [di+lengkap+i] provision; complete; furnish, melengkapkan a retired military officer, ekstra- : similar to the English v. = having a complementary or [di+per+lengkap+i]