Taxonomy: Coleoptera is divided into four suborders but only two of these, Aedephaga and Polyphaga, include common families: Identification and expression profile analysis of odorant binding protein and chemosensory protein genes in Bemisia tabaci MED by head transcriptome. Chem. Specific qRT-PCR primers were designed in Beacon Designer 7.7, based on nucleotide sequences (Table S1), and their amplification efficiencies were calculated using relative standard curves with a five-fold cDNA dilution series; the efficiency values for the primers were 100 5%. Thermocycling conditions were as follows: 95C for 10 s, followed by 40 cycles of 95C for 5 s, and 60C for 30 s. At the end of each reaction, a melting curve analysis was performed to detect single gene-specific peaks and check for primer dimers. Narrow and rather straight-sided. 41, 545562. The adults often overwinter in large aggregations. Distinctive lamellate antennae.

Signal peptides were removed to generate properly folded proteins. Distribution and characteristics of wood-boring pests and bark beetles in China. 18, 395404. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msr121, Thompson, J. D., Gibson, T. J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., and Higgins, D. G. (1997).

Senses 30, i291i292. Latridiidae (Minute brown scavenger beetles). Identification of genes expressed in the sex pheromone gland of the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon with putative roles in sex pheromone biosynthesis and transport. Positive clones were incubated at 37C until absorbance = 0.6 at OD 600, and protein expression was induced with IPTG (isopropyl--D-1-thiogalactopyranoside) treatment (28C for 6 h) to a final concentration of 0.5 mM. The significant differences between different stages of DarmCSPs were marked with letters (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA). Tiny. Nucleic Acids Res.

24, 789797. Widest at the front, tapering wing-cases.

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180775, Qiao, H., He, X., Schymura, D., Ban, L., Field, L., Dani, F. R., et al. A multiple protein sequence alignment was created with ClustalX 2.0.10 (Thompson et al., 1997) and colored using ESPript (http://espript.ibcp.fr/ESPript/cgi-bin/ESPript.cgi) (Robert and Gouet, 2014). Biol. 25, 48764882. The body is Entomol. fast and often difficult to collect. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.00146.x, Snchez-Gracia, A., Vieira, F., and Rozas, J. Silvanidae (Flat bark beetles, flat grain beetles). The putative N-terminal signal peptide was predicted in Signal P 4.1 Server (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/). We identified CSP genes from D. armandi (DarmCSPs), and assessed their tissue and developmental expression profiles. (2012). In insects of both sexes, CSPs are broadly expressed throughout development (Stathopoulos et al., 2002; Wanner et al., 2005; Qiao et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2014; Li et al., 2016) and across tissue types, including antennae, heads, thoraxes, abdomens, proboscis, eyes, legs, wings, pheromone glands, and reproductive organs (Nomura et al., 1992; Field et al., 2000; Nagnan-Le Meillour et al., 2000; Ban et al., 2003; Gu et al., 2013; Li et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2013; Zhu et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017). (2017). In sum, tissue and developmental expression profiles indicate that DarmCSPs serve numerous functions in metamorphosis, olfaction, and gustation. doi: 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00084-9. and are lamellate, which enable them to hold the segments of the club To better characterize DarmCSP function, three antennae-preferential genes (DarmCSP 13) were chosen for expression in bacteria. Sequences were manually edited with EditSeq of DNASTAR (https://www.dnastar.com/) to obtain inserts, which were then BLASTed against the NCBI database. Science 309, 311314.

Copyright 2018 Li, Dai, Chu, Fu, Sun and Chen.

Longhorned Beetles (Cerambycidae) It includes 40% of all insects and nearly 30% of all animal species. These data clarified the molecular mechanisms of olfactory perception in D. armandi, providing a theoretical foundation for eco-friendly pest control. Transformants were selected on Amp/LB/Xgal/IPTG plates, and positive clones were PCR-analyzed using vector-specific primers (M13-47, M13-48). DarmCSP2-dsRNA (hereafter dsCSP2) integrity was checked via 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Amplified fragments were purified using the Gel Purification Kit (Omega, GA, USA), ligated into pMD 18-T Vector (TaKaRa, Dalian, China), and transformed into DH5 chemically competent Escherichia coli cells (TransGen, Beijing, China). Three replicates were performed per treatment group (non-injected, water-injected, dsCSP2-injected). Biol. The Chinese white pine beetle, Dendroctonus armandi Tsai and Li (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is a serious pest of coniferous forests in China. The antennae are obvious, but typically Ladybirds.

Sci. Each wing-case rounded at the tip, slightly shorter than the abdomen. doi: 10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-research0034, Vieira, F. G., and Rozas, J.

In this study, nine full-length DarmCSP genes were cloned and identified. Sci. The carabids are similar to the tiger beetles and are sometimes

Resultant cDNA, flanked by T7 polymerase promoter sequences, were electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel and purified with the Gel Purification Kit (Omega, GA, USA). Life Sci. The family name is followed by the size range of species in the family, and then by the number of segments in the tarsi (front-middle-hind), stating 'Lobed' if some of the tarsal segments are lobed. doi: 10.1126/science.1105244, Pelosi, P., Calvello, M., and Ban, L. (2005). (2015). An assortment of very different looking beetles. Logging slash of infested P. armandi was moved from the sample plot to a greenhouse, where adult beetles were collected as they emerged and then kept at 4C on moist paper.

DarmCSP9 was also more highly expressed in female than in male heads.

Therefore, these five DarmCSP genes may be involved in D. armandi metamorphosis. Chrysomelidae Leaf Beetles Three pairs of thoracic legs; no abdominal prolegs, Chewing mouthparts (sometimes located at the tip of a beak or snout), Front wings (elytra) are hard and serve as covers for the hind wings; meet in a line down the middle of the back, Hind wings large, membranous, folded beneath the elytra, Staphylinidae (rove beetles) scavengers and herbivores; elytra are characteristically shorter than the abdomen, Curculionidae (weevils, snout beetles) herbivores; many species are pests of agricultural crops and stored grains.

Order Coleoptera Adults tiger beetles are often metallic with distinctive color patterns. From what is recognized today, about, The BeetleIdentification.org logo, its written content, and photography are unique to this website (unless where indicated) and is protected by all applicable domestic and international intellectual property laws. Common scarabs include the May/June (2015).

Graphs were plotted in Prism 6.0 (GraphPad Software, CA, USA).

doi: 10.1007/s00049-017-0235-3, Zhao, M., Dai, L., Sun, Y., Fu, D., and Chen, H. (2017b). Fireflies (family Lampyridae) and glowworms (family Phengodidae) have light-producing organs in the abdomen. They are similar to the longhorned beetles, except that the antennae are typically shorter and 0000018126 00000 n High-fidelity PCR was performed using Phanta HS Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (Vazyme, Nanjing, China). Biol. Lady Beetles (Coccinellidae) Entomol. Can withdraw their legs into grooves on the underside. Total RNA for RT-PCR was isolated from larvae, pupae, and adults of both sexes using the UNIQ-10 Column TRIzol Total RNA Isolation Kit (Sangong, Shanghai, China), following manufacturer protocol. For. Diversity of odorant-binding proteins and chemosensory proteins in insects. Bulging eyes. Purified amplicons were used as templates to synthesize dsRNA with T7 RiboMAX Express RNAi (Promega, USA), following manufacturer protocol. Template-free negative controls were included in every reaction.

Disulphide bridges are colored yellow. (2003).

Leaf Beetles (Chrysomelidae) Many beetles are predators. Biol. Comp. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Environ. Chemosensory proteins of Locusta migratoria. doi: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.07.010, Ozaki, M., Wada-Katsumata, A., Fujikawa, K., Iwasaki, M., Yokohari, F., Satoji, Y., et al. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077295, Yoshizawa, Y., Sato, R., Tsuchihara, K., Ozaki, K., Mita, K., Asaoka, K., et al. PCR products encoding mature proteins were amplified using gene-specific primers (Table S1), cloned into pGEM-T easy vectors (Promega, Madison, USA), then excised and cloned into the bacterial expression vector pET32a(+) (Novagen, Madison, WI), between BamHI and XhoI restriction sites. Biol. doi: 10.1111/1744-7917.12365, Zhang, Y.-N., Ye, Z.-F., Yang, K., and Dong, S.-L. (2014). Short antennae.

9, 135140. This outcome accords with deduced molecular weights of the predicted amino acid sequences. (1959).

ZL, HoC, DF, and YS preformed the experiments; ZL analyzed data and drafted manuscript. Antennae, mouthparts, heads (without antennae and mouthparts), forewings, underwings, legs, thoraxes, abdomens (without pheromone glands), and pheromone glands of male and female emerged adults were dissected. They have The legs and antennae can be withdrawn into grooves on the underside of the body so the whole beetle becomes an oval pill and seems to have no appendages. Deciphering key features in protein structures with the new ENDscript server.

39 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, http://espript.ibcp.fr/ESPript/cgi-bin/ESPript.cgi, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.00291/full#supplementary-material, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Clubbed antennae. Chewing mouthparts are at the tip of a proboscis, Carabidae (ground beetles) predators; many beneficial species including the fiery hunter, Calosoma calidum. Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Fluorescence competitive binding assays have indicated that CSPs bind to a wide range of compounds, such as plant volatiles, insect pheromones (Briand et al., 2002; Li et al., 2015), cuticular hydrocarbons and lipids (Ozaki et al., 2005; Gonzlez et al., 2009), as well as visual pigments (Zhu et al., 2016).

No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Whole-genome analysis of dorsal-ventral patterning in the Drosophila embryo. The importance of DarmCSP2 in binding to major volatiles was further confirmed by our RNAi experiment. All values are mean sd, n = 3. mouthparts that may be slightly modified for various functions and Together, our results and previous work suggest that DarmCSP2 collaborates with multiple binding proteins (including other CSPs and OBPs) to transport numerous compounds. Larvae and pupae of D. armandi were collected from the bark of infested P. armandi trees at the Huoditang Experimental Forest Station of Northwest A&F University, located on the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains (3318N, 10821E) in Shaanxi, China.

Physiol. Most are black, brown, or metallic. 0000045670 00000 n 109:569. doi: 10.14411/eje.2012.071, Yang, K., He, P., and Dong, S.-L. (2014). Elateridae (click beetles) herbivores; larvae are known as wireworms. Chemosensory proteins of the eastern honeybee, Apis cerana: identification, tissue distribution and olfactory related functional characterization. 26, 687701. Amino acid identity was analyzed through the construction of a homology tree in DNAMAN6.0. Nat. Soluble proteins in insect chemical communication. Mol. Finally, (1S)-()-verbenone, HPLC-grade hexane, 1-hexanol, and methanol, as well as 10 host volatiles of D. armandi were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Antennae were carefully excised at their base with a scalpel and immediately connected between two electrode holders using Spectra 360 electrode gel. Specifically, regulation of CSP expression in Choristoneura fumiferana, B. mori, and Nilaparvata lugens varies with hormonal changes during metamorphosis (larvae and pupae or nymphs) (Wanner et al., 2005; Gong et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2014; Hou et al., 2016). Our results corroborate recent RNAi studies that demonstrated how the silencing of genes encoding OBPs or CSPs abolished or modified electrophysiological responses, influenced odor preferences, disrupted behavior, and altered morphology in insects (Maleszka et al., 2007; Gong et al., 2012; Yi et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2016; Dong et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2017). DarmCSP1, DarmCSP2, DarmCSP3, and DarmCSP7 were highly expressed in antennae of both sexes. J. Entomol. Chemoecology 20, 265275. Data on CSPs in diverse insects also support this binding function: the proteins bind pheromone components in Schistocerca gregaria (Li et al., 2015), host plant volatiles and non-volatile secondary metabolites in Apolygus lucorum (Hua et al., 2012), as well as host plant volatiles and sex pheromones in Sesamia inferens and Microplitis mediator (Zhang et al., 2014; Peng et al., 2017).

Like the tiger beetles, they have long slender legs. In contrast, DarmCSP1 and DarmCSP3 had no obvious affinity to 1-NPN. Two pairs of special primers (T7DarmCSP2F/DarmCSP2R and DarmCSP2F/T7DarmCSP2R) were designed for dsRNA synthesis through the addition of T7 polymerase recognition region (5-taatacgactcactatagg-3) at the 5 ends (Table S1). typically cylindrical and elongated. (2009). The editor and reviewer's affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. 7:452. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00452, Xie, S.-A., and Lv, S.-J. Figure 6. doi: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2006.09.009. 213, 33323339. Cardinal beetles. Antennal transcriptome analysis of odorant reception genes in the red turpentine beetle (RTB), Dendroctonus valens. As a substitute, here is a collection of photographs of specimens fromLech Borowiec's website. 0000001620 00000 n

The injection of dsCSP2 significantly decreased DarmCSP2 expression, and antennae subjected to RNAi experienced significantly reduced EAG activity in response to six tested host volatiles [(+)--pinene, (+)--pinene, ()--pinene, (+)-camphene, (+)-3-carene, and myrcene], but not in response to pheromones.

Notably, DarmCSP2 showed high (Ki < 10 M) and moderate affinity (Ki < 20 M) to four pheromones (two in each category), with especially strong bonds to ()-trans-verbenol (Ki = 2.80 0.07 M) (Figure 5C, Table 2). Sci. Physiol. Antennae from12 individuals (six males and six females) were tested, with three replicates per antenna. b. Scarabaeiform Grub-like, fleshy, c-shaped body Thanks to both of them for permission to use their photos here, and for making these resources available to everyone on their websites. A mixture of 2 M DarmCSP and 2 M 1-NPN was titrated with each ligand to final concentrations of 216 M. Agric.

The scarab icon became associated with Ra, the sun god, and scarab beetles. Insect Mol. 0000019160 00000 n Saturation results and linear Scatchard plots revealed only a single binding site for 1-NPN in DarmCSP2, with no allosteric effects, indicating that 1-NPN was suitable as the fluorescence probe (Figure 5A). 102, 600609. Biol. Just as important, you will soon know when something does not fit and you need to look elsewhere. 3:RESEARCH0034. Mol. Biol. Rev. (2005).

Contech Enterprises (Delta, BC, Canada) provided ()-exo-brevicomin and ()-frontalin. The D. armandi translated unigenes were shown in red. (2013). colored. An improved lure for trapping the bark beetle Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Scolytinae). 194, 1119. The eyes are often notched Expression analysis and binding experiments of chemosensory proteins indicate multiple roles in Bombyx mori. Distinctive markings. Cell. Hind and middle legs reduced to paddles. 14, 289300. Interestingly, DarmCSP1, DarmCSP3, DarmCSP7, and DarmCSP8 were highly expressed in adults, but had significantly lower expression in larvae and pupae. Their tarsal formula (number Some authorities place the tiger beetles in the same family as the In previous studies, the tested volatiles effectively elicited different degrees of EAG responses in D. armandi antennae, and some of them were an important constituent of attractants of D. armandi (Zhang et al., 2010; Xie and Lv, 2012; Chen et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2017a,b). This variation was similar to sequence identity percentages in Nilaparvata lugens (1077%) (Yang et al., 2014), Bombyx mori (1050%) (Qiao et al., 2013), and Papilio xuthus (2070%) (Ozaki et al., 2008). This is the largest family of insects and more than 3,000 species of 0000001686 00000 n The pheromone verbenone and its function in Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). A host monoterpene influences Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) responses to its aggregation pheromone. Obviously, with this many species, there is a doi: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0114, Zhu, J., Iovinella, I., Dani, F. R., Liu, Y.-L., Huang, L.-Q., Liu, Y., et al. Biol. Greek Originsof Name: Coleoptera, derived from the Greek words koleos meaning sheath and ptera meaning wings, refers to the modified front wings which serve as protective covers for the membranous hind wings. Includes many pest species, including the Japanese beetle. (B) Overall structural model of DarmCSP2.

Front. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00438.x, Ban, L., Scaloni, A., Brandazza, A., Angeli, S., Zhang, L., Yan, Y., et al. The tree was constructed with MEGA6.0, using the neighbor-joining method. Combined with the high expression of DarmCSP2 in antennae and mouthparts, these data suggest that DarmCSP2 may be a major carrier of the tested ten host volatiles and four pheromones of D. armandi. L, larvae; ML, mature larvae; EP, early stage pupae; LP, late stage pupae; TA, teneral adult; EA, emerged adult; FA, feeding adult. Cloning and characterization of three chemosensory proteins from Spodoptera exigua and effects of gene silencing on female survival and reproduction. Alignment of amino acid sequences of DarmCSPs. >> Residues of Ile 73 and Trp 80 are shown as stick, colored in light blue and blue respectively. 0000053619 00000 n

J. Biochem. Significant between-treatment differences in DarmCSP mRNA levels and EAG groups were derived through ANOVA (P < 0.05), then adjusted with a Duncan multiple-comparison test.

114, 5360. doi: 10.1007/s00049-014-0182-1, Chen, H., and Tang, M. (2007). Coccinellidae (lady beetles) most adults and larvae are predators of aphids and scale insects, but a few species are pests of agricultural crops (e.g., Mexican bean beetle, Cicindellidae (tiger beetles ) predators, Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) large aquatic predators, Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) aquatic predators, Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) scavengers and predators, Dermestidae (carpet beetles) scavengers and herbivores, Nitidulidae (sap beetles) scavengers and herbivores, Meloidae (blister beetles) larval parasites, adult herbivores, Passalidae (wood-boring beetles) herbivores, Cantharidae (soldier beetles) herbivores and predators. doi: 10.1002/elps.200900140, He, P., Li, Z. Q., Zhang, Y. F., Chen, L., Wang, J., Xu, L., et al.

Clubbed antennae. Mol.

Clubbed antennae, very wide heads with pointed corners. Diversity, abundance, and sex-specific expression of chemosensory proteins in the reproductive organs of the locust Locusta migratoria manilensis. Applied aspects of insect olfaction, in Insect Olfaction, ed B. S. Hansson (Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer), 351377. We also observed a sudden upregulation of DarmCSP2 and DarmCSP9 before emergence. Cl)PnW/9G4%..!9Tp!ta*,'~Z{_[!%dPCNhsn"aLz+u.C.

0000045145 00000 n

Biol. The dsCSP2-injected group did not differ from controls (non-injected and water-injected) in DarmCSP2 mRNA levels 12 h post-injection, a significant difference emerged after 24 h, followed by a continuous decrease from control levels after 48 h (Figure S3). Conserved residues are highlighted in white letters with a red background. Short antennae. Longhorns. Genes Evol. Three technical and three biological replicates were performed to verify reproducibility.

This structure is typical of CSPs. Nomura, A., Kawasaki, K., Kubo, T., and Natori, S. (1992). % Figure 4. Antenna-predominant and male-biased CSP19 of Sesamia inferens is able to bind the female sex pheromones and host plant volatiles. Some beetles are scavengers, feeding primarily on carrion, fecal material, decaying wood, or other dead organic matter. Antennae and mouthparts are the primary chemosensory organs of insects, each covering a different function. These insects are very Rhynchitidae (Tooth-nosed snout weevils). Putative drosophila pheromone-binding proteins expressed in a subregion of the olfactory system. The larvae live in the soil where they feed on roots.

Insights into the evolution of the CSP gene family through the integration of evolutionary analysis and comparative protein modeling.

Kateretidae (Short-winged flower beetles). Spatial and temporal dynamics of bark beetles in Chinese white pine in Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi Province, China. Large beetles. Narrow with rather straight sides. Dev. Ancient Egyptians believed that a scarab beetle rolled the sun across the sky each day. stream Phylogenetic tree of putative CSPs from Dendroctonus armandi (Darm), Dendroctonus ponderosae (Dpon), Dendroctonus valens (Dval), Ips typographus (Ityp), and Tribolium castaneum (Tcas). Controls were either injected with 0.2 L DEPC-treated water or not injected. Includes typical weevils with elbowed antennae and long rostrums. Biochem. RNA integrity was verified with 1.0% agarose gels electrophoresis and quantified with spectrophotometry in a NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo, Pennsylvania, USA). Purification, structural characterization, cloning and immunocytochemical localization of chemoreception proteins from Schistocerca gregaria. Nine DarmCSPs contained a putative signal peptide at the N-terminus (Table 1, Figure 1). Beyond chemoreception: diverse tasks of soluble olfactory proteins in insects. Tenebrionidae Darkling Beetles, Development: Holometabola i.e. Robert, X., and Gouet, P. (2014). threadlike antennae and long slender legs. Tiger Beetles (Cicindelidae) Findings in other insects support this conclusion.

Cells were harvested via centrifugation at 12,000 g and 4C for 5 min, then cleaned using PBS buffer (137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4, 2 mM KH2PO4, pH = 7.4).

Scavengers and wood boring beetles are useful as decomposers and recyclers of organic nutrients. 14:270. doi: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu132, Yi, X., Zhao, H., Dong, X., Wang, P., Hu, M., and Zhong, G. (2013). Specifically, DarmCSP2 was highly expressed in mouthparts, abdomens, thoraxes, and legs, with a significantly higher expression in females than in males among the latter two tissues. Additionally, active sites I73 and W80 in DarmCSP2 corresponded to I76 and W83 residues in SgerCSP4, confirmed to bind oleamide (Tomaselli et al., 2006).