Earliest example was belief in government by consent Locke argued for voting rights for propertied classes so they could defend their natural rights against government . "name": "Classical Liberalism Earliest tradition a transition from feudalism to early industrialisation C19. It sees people as self interested. { People must have the incentive to realise their potential- people must have equal opportunity to develop their unequal skills and abilities. A belief in diversity or multiplicity the existence of many things. Liberalism, government and democracyLiberals unlike anarchists believe in the existence of a state. In its unrestrained form democracy leads to tyranny but in its absence ignorance and brutality prevails. According to Mill by participating in political life citizens enhance their understanding and achieve a higher level of personal development this developmental democracy is primarily an educational experience. "@type": "ImageObject", "contentUrl": "https://slideplayer.com/slide/4678460/15/images/1/Liberalism.jpg", The people have the right to rebel if the government breaks its contract. This is the rule by the talented. }, 4 A welfare state is a state that takes primary responsibility for social welfare of its citizens via social security, health, education et al Reasons National efficiency- to achieve healthy work forces and stronger armies. This is classical liberalism. Accept social inequality because people have different skills and some prepared to work harder. Society is atomistic. "width": "800" Smith argued that markets operate according to wishes and decisions of free individuals. Liberals fear arbitrary government in its place favour limited government. Contest, debate and argument the fruit of diversity or multiplicity the motor of social progress. }, 9 "width": "800" Utilitarianism Philosophy developed by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)Huge impact on liberalism providing a moral philosophy that explains how and why human beings act they way they do. }, 14 Isaiah Berlin said people are bound to disagree about ultimate ends of life it deprives liberal values of a privileges status but underlines importance tolerance preserving liberal institutions as only means preserving order and stability. It also implies a belief in formal equality. "contentUrl": "https://slideplayer.com/slide/4678460/15/images/2/Historical+development.jpg", Liberalism is a commitment to equality. Liberalism a product of the enlightenment the central theme of which was to release humankind from superstition and ignorance. Locke and Hobbes argued that rational individuals entered into agreement or social contract to establish a sovereign government. JS Mill said open debate expose bad ideas . ", Inequality in terms of wealth social position and social power are natural and government should not refrain. Laissez faire theories remained strong in the UK and USA throughout much of C19. "contentUrl": "https://slideplayer.com/slide/4678460/15/images/11/Classical+Liberalism+Earliest+tradition+a+transition+from+feudalism+to+early+industrialisation+C19..jpg", Post WW2 virtually all western states adopt policies economic intervention to prevent return pre war unemployment levels. However Green and modern liberals had not abandoned core liberalism. Globalisation reach apogee 1990s with massive restructuring of economies e.g. Not linked to any particular ideology. Wisdom is unevenly distributed and uneducated liable to act according to narrow class interests whereas educated able to use wisdom and experience for good of others. Pressure from newly enfranchised industrial workers/peasants. ", Locke and Hobbes argued that rational individuals entered into agreement or \u2018social contract\u2019 to establish a sovereign government. Political regimes east Asia owe more to Confucianism\u2019s ability to maintain social stability in place liberal ideas competition and self striving. JM Keynes ( ) In General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) challenge classical view of self regulating market. Keynes argued that unrestrained private enterprise is unworkable in complex industrial societies.

an employer can choose to employ children rather than adults, women not men. In most cases liberals do not belief in legal suppression of intolerance. Social inequality increasingly difficult to ignore with growing working class disadvantaged by low pay, unemployment and living/working conditions. Milton Friedman in 1962 critical of Keynesianism on grounds tax and spend policies fuel inflation by encourage governments to borrow. Ideas more deeply rooted in Anglo Saxon countries- UK and USA. The state is created by and for individuals to serve their interests. An advocate of spread of education as best ways by which individuals could gain fulfilment, he feared state education would mean everyone with same views and beliefs. Mill in On Liberty (1859) argued that toleration was necessary to ensure vigour and health of society as a whole. }, 6 Spending is an injection of demand a budget deficit whereby government deliberately overspends whereas taxation is withdrawal. Rationalism emancipates human kind from the past and from weight of custom and tradition. Most powerful ideological force shaping western political tradition- as rising middle class establish their economic and political pre-eminence liberalism becomes less radical as liberals aim to defend the new status quo. Classical Liberals and Natural Rights TheoryA right is entitlement to act or be treated in a particular way. }, 7 Alexis de Tocqueville ( ) described it as tyranny of the majority.. James Madison ( ) argued best safeguard against majoritarian tyranny was a network of checks and balances to make government responsive to competing minorities and to safeguard propertied few against propertyless masses. It sees people as self interested. People should be free to choose what goods to make, workers their employer, consumers what goods to buy. "@context": "http://schema.org", By /3 of states in world significant liberal democratic features. Modern liberals defend welfarism on basis opportunity. This cannot be done by the state. There are limits- Locke not prepared to extend religious toleration to Catholics on grounds they owed allegiance to a foreign pope.. More commonly liberals do not tolerate intolerant views. "contentUrl": "https://slideplayer.com/slide/4678460/15/images/14/Economic+liberalism.jpg", Montesquieu ( ) power should be a check to power. Lord Acton- Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. People must have the incentive to realise their potential- people must have equal opportunity to develop their unequal skills and abilities. Jefferson also agreed- government is best which governs least.

Hayek in 1944 argued that state economic intervention and regulation was inefficient and any state economic intervention was the most serious threat to liberty and creeping totalitarianism. Later liberals argue that individuals are communal and have a responsibility towrds others. Individualism is the belief that the individual is central to any political theory Some liberals see humans as essentially atomistic- C B Macpherson in 1973 characterised early liberalism as possessive individualism the individual as proprietor of his own person owing nothing to society. Constitutional GovernmentLord Acton- Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. In its unrestrained form democracy leads to tyranny but in its absence ignorance and brutality prevails. This is the rule by the talented. Neolib economics driven by impact globalisation. As societies more complex and diverse, political stability requires existence of sophisticated channels communication between govt and people, only a liberal system can provide. ", At macro economic level, resources drawn to their most profitable use as rich and poor incentive to work. Most powerful ideological force shaping western political tradition- as rising middle class establish their economic and political pre-eminence liberalism becomes less radical as liberals aim to defend the new status quo. Influence of social democratic liberalism- John Rawls. "@context": "http://schema.org", Honors Western Civilization Mrs. Civitella. A Theory of Justice (1970) redistribution and welfare defensible on equality as fairness. They are establishing the essential conditions for leading a truly human existence. It draws on utilitarian theory of pleasure motivation by fact that humans driven by personal material acquisition. John Locke freedom can only exist under the law. "@context": "http://schema.org", Classical liberals and the new right subscribe to egotistical individualism. JS Mill therefore argued that elected politicians should speak for themselves rather than reflect views of voters, He also advocated plural voting on basis of education/social position.. Ortega y Gasset ( ) saw mass democracy as paving the way for authoritarian rule as authoritarian rulers could sway the masses. Greatest impact USA (Reaganomics) and UK (Thatcherism). "@type": "ImageObject", Constitutionalism refers to set of political values and aspirations reflecting a desire to protect liberty via establish internal and external checks on government power- a codified constitution, bill of rights, separation of powers, bicameralism, decentralisation, federalism. Rawls proposed the difference principle where social and economic inequalities be arranged to benefit least well off but some measure of inequality necessary to provide incentive to work. Classical liberals believe in self regulating market economy\u2026", "contentUrl": "https://slideplayer.com/slide/4678460/15/images/16/Neoliberalism%2Fneoclassical+liberalism.jpg", "width": "800" "name": "Justice Justice is about giving each person their due. "description": "Lord Acton- Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. A dramatic demonstration failure free market came as result Wall Street crash and Great Depression. Markets are more responsive democratic criticisms because everyone has the ability to rise\/fall based on talent and hard work, it assures producers only produce what consumer wants to buy at a price affordable. Historical developmentBreakdown of feudalism and growth of a market or capitalist economy. Contracts are not made by free/equal individuals- workers coerced into accept employment over poverty and starvation whereas employers choose whom wish to employ. Liberals argue for separation or fragmentation of power. Hayek in 1944 argued that state economic intervention and regulation was inefficient and any state economic intervention was the most serious threat to liberty and creeping totalitarianism. The great advantage of reason is that it provides a basis upon which rival claims can be evaluated. In On Liberty, Mill argued that liberty was a positive and constructive force as it gave individuals ability to take control of their own lives to gain autonomy and achieve self realisation. A belief in diversity or multiplicity the existence of many things. Classical liberals endorse strict meritocracy it provides an incentive and such wealth is justly acquired (john Locke and Robert Nozick) Other liberals disagree. An individual has sovereign right over his mind/body but each must respect that all have equal right to liberty- John Rawls. Richard Cobden ( ) said an improvement in conditions of working classes should come through their own efforts and self reliance. At Micro level private businesses are more efficient than public bodies because disciplined by profit motive. GOVERNMENT Write words or draw pictures that come to mind about when you hear the word government. What is the reason or purpose for having a government? Classical liberals believe in minimal or night-watchman state (Locke). By the following I presume Locke is arguing for elections So that the power cannot wilfully divest members of their property and liberty it must not remain continually assembled since then its own interests would risk becoming distinct from the common interest A belief in negative freedom- individual is free in so far as he is not interfered with or coerced. Classical liberalism characterised by theoretical consistency, modern liberalism a marriage between new and old liberalism. In contrast, Friedman argued that markets are self regulating, naturally efficient and productive. { "@type": "ImageObject",

"width": "800" Governments could manage economy by influencing level of aggregate demand. "@context": "http://schema.org", However, Bentham\u2019s focus on happiness of the greatest number as the standard of morally correct allows the interests of the majority to outweigh those of the minority- strict application of Benthamite principles can therefore lead to majoritarian tyranny.

T.H Green ( ) influenced L T Hobhouse ( ) and J A Hobson ( ). In place of negative freedom, Green propose positive freedom- ability of individual to develop and attain individuality- ability to realise potential- unrestrained capitalism does not give each individual freedom to realise potential- working class held back by poverty, sickness, unemployment, ignorance. { Economic freedom can lead to exploitation. An advocate of spread of education as best ways by which individuals could gain fulfilment, he feared state education would mean everyone with same views and beliefs. Relations within the market are voluntary and contractual made by self interested individuals. Liberals recognise power of self interest and egoism resulting in conflict. The project was built on assumption that a set of universally applicable rational principles can lay down conditions that allow individuals to pursue incommensurable ends. Published byOsborne Newman { The minimal state of the classical liberals quite incapable rectifying injustices/inequalities. Classical liberals belief in egotistical individualism, humans are rational and self interested with a capacity for self reliance. Post feudalism- new intellectual climate emerges- individuals thought to possess personal and distinctive qualities each was of special value.. John Locke (1632-`704) individuals had inalienable rights. Unlocking Democracy The Philosophical principles of a Constitutional Society. "width": "800" This is developmental from of individualism that prioritises human flourishing over quest for interest satisfaction. This is developmental from of individualism that prioritises human flourishing over quest for interest satisfaction. Freedom Ties in logically with belief in individual. People must have the incentive to realise their potential- people must have equal opportunity to develop their unequal skills and abilities. "contentUrl": "https://slideplayer.com/slide/4678460/15/images/22/C21+liberal+triumph+A+wave+of+democratisation+in+post+communist+states+and+reign+of+the+%E2%80%98liberal+peace%E2%80%99+in+post+cold+war+international+relations..jpg", Modern liberals defend welfarism on basis opportunity. Liberals argue for separation or fragmentation of power. Contest, debate and argument the fruit of diversity or multiplicity the motor of social progress. Post WW2 virtually all western states adopt policies economic intervention to prevent return pre war unemployment levels. The Beginnings of Welfare Liberalism By the 1850s, classical liberalism was unable to protect workers and children from. However, Benthams focus on happiness of the greatest number as the standard of morally correct allows the interests of the majority to outweigh those of the minority- strict application of Benthamite principles can therefore lead to majoritarian tyranny. Modern liberals such as Isaiah Berlin a more positive view- the ability to be ones own master- each individual the able to develop skills and talents and to achieve self realisation. Classical Liberalism Earliest tradition a transition from feudalism to early industrialisation C19. Justice Justice is about giving each person their due.Liberalism is a commitment to equality. By /3 of states in world significant liberal democratic features Society is atomistic. As societies more complex and diverse, political stability requires existence of sophisticated channels communication between govt and people, only a liberal system can provide. Pressure from newly enfranchised industrial workers/peasants.

}, 15 By the following I presume Locke is arguing for elections So that the power cannot wilfully divest members of their property and liberty it must not remain continually assembled since then its own interests would risk becoming distinct from the common interest. This is classical liberalism. JS Mill said open debate expose bad ideas . ", Ideas more deeply rooted in Anglo Saxon countries- UK and USA. Classical liberals belief in egotistical individualism, humans are rational and self interested with a capacity for self reliance. "width": "800" The liberty of one is a threat to that of others. Faith in toleration linked to universalism belief that liberal theories and values ultimately destined to prevail over illiberal. Post modern thinkers such as Richard Rorty questioned idea of objective truth liberalism as with all ideologies and belief systems is a \u2018vocabulary\u2019 that cannot be observed as more accurate than any other vocabulary.

It is based on competition and electoral choice political pluralism a toleration of wide range contending beliefs and a clear distinction between state and civil society maintained by internal and external checks government power and existence autonomous groups and interests and by market organisation economic life. Pressure from newly enfranchised industrial workers\/peasants. Individual liberty is unifying principle in liberal ideology. Post modern thinkers such as Richard Rorty questioned idea of objective truth liberalism as with all ideologies and belief systems is a vocabulary that cannot be observed as more accurate than any other vocabulary. "description": "Liberals unlike anarchists believe in the existence of a state. Democracy can become the enemy of individual liberty. Liberals argue for separation or fragmentation of power. Wisdom is unevenly distributed and uneducated liable to act according to narrow class interests whereas educated able to use wisdom and experience for good of others. Constitutionalism is practice of limited government where government is constrained by constitutional rules.

Greens ideas influenced by socialist idea on cooperative nature of man and ideas are described as socialist liberalism. ", The Age of Enlightenment Also known as The Age of Reason Scientific Revolution paved the way as Natural Laws that applied to nature were now Natural. Meritocratic. Only within a free market of ideas will truth emerge as good ideas displace bad ones. "description": "Those with ability and willingness to work will prosper and lazy will not. Aims to halt/reverse trend towrds big government and state intervention of C20. "@type": "ImageObject", An individual has sovereign right over his mind/body but each must respect that all have equal right to liberty- John Rawls. The principle of judicial independence central to all liberal democracies as judiciary interprets the law and reviews the powers of the government it must be independent in order to protect the individual. Prefer self reliant individuals who take responsibility for lives although latter only possible if social conditions conducive. For Locke- life, liberty and property. JS Mill therefore argued that elected politicians should speak for themselves rather than reflect views of voters, He also advocated plural voting on basis of education\/social position.. Ortega y Gasset ( ) saw mass democracy as paving the way for authoritarian rule as authoritarian rulers could sway the masses. In contrast, Friedman argued that markets are self regulating, naturally efficient and productive. "name": "Social liberalism", According to Green negative freedom removes external constraints on individual giving freedom of choice e.g.

Communitarian writers have rejected individualism as facile on grounds it suggests the self is unencumbered. USA liberal welfarism developed 1930s and reach a peak 1960s. Resurgent nationalism in Eastern Europe commonly associated with ethnic purity and authoritarianism than with liberal ideals of self determination and civic pride. They should not extend beyond public order, protect property and defence, contracts are enforced. "@context": "http://schema.org", I remains liberal not socialist as it is rooted in assumptions about egoism and self interest rather than belief in social solidarity. UK Beveridge Report which set out attack five giants- want, disease, ignorance, squalor, idleness.

{ To maintain domestic order, defence, enforce contracts. Those with ability and willingness to work will prosper and lazy will not. Share buttons are a little bit lower. "@context": "http://schema.org", { For Locke and Jefferson rights are natural in that they are invested in human beings by God and as such are inalienable. Whereas Hobbes argued for a total state power to prevent anarchy, liberal writers such as Locke argued against arbitrary or unlimited government. Underlying commitment to needs and interests remains. Social inequality increasingly difficult to ignore with growing working class disadvantaged by low pay, unemployment and living/working conditions. "name": "Liberalism, government and democracy", Governments could manage economy by influencing level of aggregate demand. On this, Bentham developed a justification for laissez-faire economics, constitutional reform and later political democracy. Isaiah Berlin said people are bound to disagree about ultimate ends of life it deprives liberal values of a privileges status but underlines importance tolerance preserving liberal institutions as only means preserving order and stability. Such a society is socially just because individuals are judged solely by talents and willingness to work not on other factors such as gender and ethnicity. Early liberals believed that freedom consists in each person being left alone free from interference or negative freedom. The rightness of a policy/action can be determined by its tendency to promote happiness so the principle of the greatest happiness for the greatest number can be used to establish which policies will benefit society at large.

John Rawls in A Theory of Justice states that economic inequality is justifiable only if it works for benefit of poorest in society. Above social divisions lies a harmony/balance- employers want maximum profits, workers higher pay, shorter hours and better conditions. Liberals disapprove of social privileges and advantages. "description": "Liberalism is a commitment to equality. "contentUrl": "https://slideplayer.com/slide/4678460/15/images/9/Constitutional+Government.jpg", Locke and later liberals used the idea of individual rights to justify popular revolt against government tyranny. The state is created not by a privileged elite to exploit the masses but by common agreement and therefore embodies interests of all and acts as neutral arbiter in conflict between competing groups.