Professor at the Institute of Social and Political Sciences (Department of Anthropology).

lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>IBelonging.

This period, the ancient period of mourning for the father, corresponds to the time it takes the child to begin to speak and equip himself for the adult world, and also to the time which the oldest son must take to equip himself for his new office when he succeeds his father as head of the family.

/Resources 112 0 R {mso-style-update:auto;

lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>KeiRemembering; memories; lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>writing a book; record; ;mso-fareast-font-family:'>. Incorporation. a:link, span.MsoHyperlink

It is curious to note that these rituals maintain even now clear-cut vestiges of those practiced in China at least three millennia ago, during the Chou Dynasty [] (1027-221 B. C.).

;mso-fareast-font-family:'>. >> /Parent 1 0 R >> /Type /Page The subordinate individual stands to the west of the superior individual and pays obeisance first, then the superior individual salutes in reply. /Type /Page /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] /Resources 35 0 R margin-bottom:.0001pt;

31 0 obj ;mso-fareast-font-family:'>, lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>of the deceased, lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>infuneral lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Of the rituals related to death, there are in China two main groups to consider: 2.

/Rotate 0 At the very same moment that he applies the brush to the wood, he has to hold his breath and focus on a mental image of the deceased, as if the latter's soul were truly concentrated in that point of wood. 18 0 obj endobj /Rotate 0 After the twenty-first day, a stone bearing the deceased's identity is placed on the grave, or a semi-circular Chinese style tomb laid out. These are a sign of mourning, along with a plaque fashioned in bamboo in the form of a mountain, with blue and white canvas bands. /Type /Page

;mso-fareast-font-family:'>, lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>infuneral, lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>ceremonies. ;mso-fareast-font-family:'>, style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Official language. Death, then, in our opinion, is the most powerful impulse behind all rituals. The ceremonies in honour of the ancestors, with the cult of the tablets in the temples, the use of simulated coins to buy life or the right to live, the offering of food, and the visits to the tombs (the so-called cult of the mountains) on designated days of the lunisolar calendar. /Parent 1 0 R @font-face lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Yi [ The Pro [] (pak in Cantonese) is the motivating plane, and the centre of the pulses. Yin (yam in Cantonese) corresponds to the negative principle, or the feminine, to light, coldness, the moon and the empress. 4 The Book of Rites, written by Confucius and his disciples, is considered a canon of precepts for etiquette.

This is to avoid upsetting the neighbours, and in order that the soul of the late kinsman lose its bearings of the entrance door to his home, and leaves the family in peace.

/Type /Page

/Flags 6 /F1 37 0 R lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 3. According to legend, Zhou Gong annotated the 64 hexagrams that were the basis for theI Ching, established theRites of Zhou(an ancient ritual text, or utopian constitution, that was considered as one of the classics of Confucianism 1500 years later), and also created theYayue, or the earliest form of Chinese classical music. << endobj h$ tubTLifONt2mX\n.m9VvIr-|i!o)rRemb1?e d& /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] This funeral tablet is subsequently burned, as are all the chi-chat objects, and it is now that the soul ascends to the Nether World.

mso-font-alt:SimHei; Gomes, Lus Gonzaga - Festividades chinesas, Ed.

style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Tang [ lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Wan..Cloud; saying; declaring; lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>anything known. lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; /Type /ExtGState /Widths [ 178 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 361 361 500 500 214 366 214 500 558 448 545 523 554 514 532 521 532 532 218 500 500 500 500 500 500 672 628 675 704 657 634 711 772 384 530 717 606 500 767 500 609 500 677 572 670 734 500 500 500 637 609 500 500 500 500 500 500 483 526 472 535 476 334 469 556 300 281 522 284 839 568 512 539 500 405 433 350 551 494 752 500 489 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 787 ]

>> lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Its closest American counterpart is no doubt the "baby shower", where guests give gifts to the parents in expectation of the imminent birth of a child. /Rotate 0 To a degree, Yiis akin to the concept dharma -Each thing 'it', and consequently must be, that alone which it is. font-size:12.0pt; The Han Dynasty (BCE 206-CE 09 (Western) - CE 25-220 (Eastern)) followed in the footsteps of the capping rite system of the Zhou Dynasty (BCE 1027-221).

endobj /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] At the immediate rear of this comes the oldest son, the new head of the family, flanked by two servants, weeping, with his nasal mucous dripping on the bare ground.

These are the fearsome Kwi of Macau, the wandering spirits or vengeful ghosts that return to the world of the living, seeking redress for their pains. line-height:130%; margin-right:0cm;

The Che [] (si in Cantonese) is the centre of acts of volition.

The feast of the Banquet Ritual is held in the Tai Temple.

/CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] <<

/MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] It is incumbent upon the men to guarantee the perpetuation of the name and the original ancient clan. >>

The males carry the family lineage and it is incumbent upon them to perpetuate the clan. In this sense, the Worship of Heavenly Bodies ritual was a political event. >> Food and clothing are offered him, and a paper replica ordered of the funeral tablet in which the soul will henceforth reside, as well as replicas of those objects considered necessary for life in the Nether World.

10 0 obj endobj The rituals of Ancestor Worship on dates firmly established by the Lunisolar Calendar, above and beyond the domestic cult inherent to all festivities, are ordained for the third and fourth Moons.

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>> endobj

The departure to the Nether World is not interpreted as a definitive break with the world of the living. Cheng Meng also ushers in the summer, which supports our hypothesis that this festivity is a remnant of very ancient rituals related to the fire cult and the celebration of the summer solstice, as is our playful custom of jumping over bonfires for popular saints.

After death, a chen or san is reborn in the Nether World; in the case of a Kwi, it remains in residence on earth and may go astray, engendering the starving spirits so feared by the Chinese. /Parent 1 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] /Contents 76 0 R The sequence of rites after the birth of the child areSanzhao(three days after birth),Manyue(a full month after birth),Bairi(one hundred days after birth), andZhuazhou(a full year after birth).

The rite of Yan is held in a bedroom palace. style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:;mso-ascii-font-family: lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>IBelonging. "Times New Roman"'>], style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Yin [, lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Ym..Feminine principle; moon;

lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: All this takes place whilst the body is on display in the burning chamber, from the day of death until the day of the funeral, during which time several weeks might elapse.

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@page panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; Within the concept of Cosmic Duality, this also corresponds to the sun, and appears to be the remains of an old cult related to the end of the agricultural year and the inception of winter, in the same way the Cheng Meng appears to correspond to the inception of summer. /Resources 47 0 R Schipper, Christoffer - Les corps taoiste. lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Yang (yeong in Cantonese) corresponds to the positive masculine principle, to light, heat, the sun and the emperor. And indeed, the truth is that even today, one finds among the Chinese many vestiges of Confucian thought, governing as it did all moral and social behavior prior to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912. /Parent 1 0 R 15. >>

, style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Official language /Contents 133 0 R /OP false <<

Biot, E. - Tcheou-Li or Ritos dos Tcheou, translated by E. Biot, Paris, 1851.

On this day, relatives and friends of the de-ceased offer their sons longevity dumplings. 32 0 obj << >> ;mso-fareast-font-family:'>. /Rotate 0

Whilst undertaking the inscription, the celebrant has to breathe upon the point of the brush before applying the first stroke. >> p.MsoToc3, li.MsoToc3, div.MsoToc3 lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Wan..Heavenly spiritual souls; lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>vital principle; thought, During this period distant relatives, friends and acquaintances come by, bringing with them gifts such as fabric for the silk funeral costume, blankets, roast pork, fruit and other foods. 29 0 obj

There is a lack of consensus among commentators regarding the interpretation of the concept of soul such as conceived by the ancients of China. 7 0 obj

The Chinese notion of soul is far removed from that of the West. The death ritual in China may be analyzed along horizontal and vertical planes. /Type /Catalog /FirstChar 32 Worship of Heavenly Bodies, which can be traced back to theZhou Dynasty(BCE 1027-221), is also referred to as the Border Sacrifice, specifically, theSouthern Border Sacrifice, as it took place on the country's southern border. /Contents 108 0 R ;mso-fareast-font-family:'>, lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Kwi..Sensible soul (after, lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>death) of the dead; that "Times New Roman"'>], lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Pak..White; clearness. << endobj At the rear of this on a green or blue sedan is the paper tablet containing the soul of the deceased, where his name and honourary title were inscribed.

font-size:15.0pt; The first group of musicians is located nearby, dressed in long white silk garments and wide brimmed straw hats occasionally festooned with paper flowers. lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:

lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:

In the course of the procession, handfuls of sapecas are distributed, in five-coloured paper (small circles of paper trimmed in the five colours of the rainbow, corresponding to the five cardinal points, which in China includes the centre).

/Contents 123 0 R text-align:justify; page-break-after:avoid; /Encoding 38 0 R /Parent 1 0 R lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: According to the great master, his doctrine was a whole that connected all things. mso-fareast-font-family:;

/MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] /Type /Encoding ;mso-fareast-font-family:'>, lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>graciousness), style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Yun [ /Font << 1 0 obj style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Bi Yi [ margin-right:0cm; mso-pagination:lines-together; ;mso-fareast-font-family:'>.

The Hongwu Emperor (Hongwu being the reign (CE 1369-1398) of the firstMing Dynasty(1368-1644) emperor), whose given name was Zhu Yuanzhang but whose name after his death was Taizu (his ancestral temple bears this name), was the first to establish ancestral temples representing all of the emperors of all past dynasties in the capital city, Beijing.

;mso-fareast-font-family:'>. In others, the family walks single file behind the oldest son, positioned in descending family hierarchy: the remaining sons take the lead, in order of age, then the brothers, the nephews, the widow, the daughters, the grandsons, and finally the grandsons' wives.

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These coins are intended for the fearsome Kwi who, thus, will not trouble the deceased on his long journey. C.. 8 Among the Chinese, seven is the number linked to death, and they prepare seven dishes for the ritual funeral banquet, and believe that the soul returns to the domestic home seven times at seven day intervals, before settling in the Nether World. >>

/Rotate 0 At this particular point, both bear an open sunshade in order to reverentially protect the new head of the family.

@font-face style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:;mso-ascii-font-family: The concept of Li is not reducible to mere ritual since, in the opinion of the Master himself, Li comes from the heart, which suggests that acts of human courtesy must be spontaneously rendered rather than acquired by learning alone.

mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;

/CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] Rev. <<

Behind this goes the oldest grandson, carrying on his shoulder a fine-leafed bamboo (Kun lm chk), which is thought to ward off afflicted souls, in the same way that old bamboo attracts them.

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mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;} >> lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: /Rotate 0 The first sign of mourning visible to the world at large, indicating that someone has passed away, are the two lanterns or blue and white lamp globes which are positioned at the main door of the family house. For Taoists, the Beyond is Tau [] - the Beginning and the End; the eternal return. However, this has been pruned by now of a number of ceremonies whose meaning has been lost. lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>which returns; spectre; lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>dissatisfied spirit; hidden mso-outline-level:1;

More All Rights Reserved,Chinatravel.com is a registered trademark. text-align:center;

The emperor was seen as the earthly embodiment of the creator of the universe, Shangdi. margin-top:0cm; 4 0 obj lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:

2.3 On a site chosen by the geomancer, the funeral is undertaken and the votive papers burned, accompanying in that form the dead person.

4. The souls are considered spiritual essences, pertaining to the heavens, and the spirits sensible souls, pertaining to the earth. /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] 1. mso-paper-source:0;

/Parent 1 0 R During the period of the Ming emperor Jiajing (1521-1567), ancestral temples were built inside the Fucheng Gate of Beijing to worship the entire lineage of deceased emperors, thirty-six in all. lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>writing a book; record; lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>(classical Chinese text).

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;mso-fareast-font-family:'>, lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>origin or deified human, lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>beings.

lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: /Rotate 0

These principles need to be fully understood if the significance of the ceremony related to death is not to be lost on the reader. Joining this tour, you can unravel the mysteries of ancient Chinese rituals and enjoy the beauty of the ancient buildings. 16 0 obj /FontBBox [ -51 -293 1124 1085 ] /Resources 134 0 R

;mso-fareast-font-family:'>.

/Contents 58 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ]

Granet, Marcel - La pense chinoise, Ed.

"Times New Roman"'>], style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Shen [, lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>San..Spirit of transcendental mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;} The coffin is never taken out through the main door of the house, but rather through a window or side door, or via an exterior bamboo stairway if the family lives in a building of several floors. After this, either the burial takes place, or the body awaits carriage to the definitive burial site in another region of the country, or they wait for the dictum of the astrologer. << /Subtype /Type1C The son then proceeds to buy water at a nearby well, casting into it a small coin intended for the source's guardian dragon. font-weight:normal; >> /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] Temples dedicated to the lives of Confucius and Yan Hui were also established in imperial colleges in all parts of the country. An innovation of the last few decades consists of incorporating into the cortege a band of European-style musicians, who play Chopin's Funeral March, provided it is part of their repertoire. lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Tou.Route; path; absolute. << ;mso-fareast-font-family:'>. mso-font-pitch:variable; ;mso-fareast-font-family:'>. 27 0 obj

15 In bygone days, flowers were offered exclusively to the divinities and the Emperor as Son of the Heavens, and thus the flowers were only tardily included in the ritual offerings of Cheng Meng. panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; ;mso-fareast-font-family:'>. Gernet, Jacques - (la) vie quotidienne en Chine la veille de l'invasion mongole 1250-1276, Hachette, Paris, 1959, 2nd edition, 1978. Granet, Kroeber, Morgan, Feng and L. Strauss all dedicated themselves to detailed and elaborate investigation of this kinship structure and the degrees of mourning among the Chinese, offering at the same time interpretations of the chau/mo order. The sons habitually bear a long bamboo pole during the funeral cortege, wrapped in white paper, coiled and fringed. In some cases the deceased's family, dressed in strict mourning, precedes the coffin, and is protected from the inquiring eyes of onlookers by four panels of white cloth stretched on high bamboo canes. /Contents 34 0 R /op false >>

endobj ;mso-fareast-font-family:'>. mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt; lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Laurent, David - La Practique de la Psychologie en Mdicine Traditionnelle Chinoise, Guy Trdaniel, Ed. The ancestral temple system and the sacrificial vessels, musical instruments, and etiquette in general governing Qufu (the legendary birthplace of Confucius), were subject to the standards of Beijing Tai University.

>> According to the prestige the family accords or is able to accord the deceased, the coffin is borne on the shoulders of twenty, forty and sometimes as many as one hundred and twenty men.

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<<

mso-font-alt:SimSun; endobj style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:;mso-ascii-font-family: Although there is an increasing tendency to do away with this custom in modem society, the truth is that these ancestral tablets can be found in the living rooms of many Chinese families, who bring them along when they emigrate.

mso-fareast-font-family:; lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: In many national minority areas of China, however, the ancient coming-of-age ritual has been preserved to this day, including ceremonial rites such as pulling out a tooth, dyeing one's teeth, wearing a skirt, wearing trousers, and arranging one's hair into a clublike mass.

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/Rotate 0 /Resources 107 0 R During the Ming Dynasty, Confucius was called 'the sagest master'. lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:

/Resources 86 0 R /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] After the capital of China was relocated to Beijing, the imperial college in the capital city was established as the Tai (Tai Chi Chuan) university. lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>vital principle; thought, lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>faculties. This is why most of the stray spirits emanate from spinsters or women wed at birth. << The Summer Solstice marks the day dedicated to the worship of the earth. /ToUnicode 41 0 R /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] /Resources 124 0 R Rather, there are two distinct groups of spirits, in accordance with the cosmic duality Yin/Yang, considered the principle of eternal equilibrium.

The first of these dates is certainly the most important and al-though briefly, we will turn to an examination of it.

The choice of wood for the ancestral tablets must be understood in these terms, according to some Chinese specialists. mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 262144 0;} Moreover, the temple of literature was founded in Beijing, and Confucius was called 'the great accomplished and sagest Master Wenxuan'. However, all religions owe the fervour of their followers to the answers they provide regarding death as a non-end. style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Po [

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p.MsoToc1, li.MsoToc1, div.MsoToc1 Fearing this stellar fire principle would grow suddenly stronger and set all the wood alight, upsetting the cosmic equilibrium, it became common practice not to light fire on earth. /FontDescriptor 39 0 R The sun, the source of all life, thus appears to be related to the cult of the dead, in the same way that in the Paleo-Christian cults of the West, beneath the idea of immortality lies that of continual renewal of light and darkness.

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Even in modern Shanghai, the City God Temple is the ritual palace for Taoism.

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When a child is a full-year-old, the rite of Zhuazhou is performed in order to predict the child's future luck, or destiny.

@font-face /Type /Page << text-justify:inter-ideograph;

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