That's easy it's the best way to study for AP classes and AP exams! 0000003760 00000 n %PDF-1.3 % Associate Professor of History 8 0 obj endobj Difficulties with Nasser also influenced Eisenhower's decision two years later to send Marines to Lebanon. Congressional leaders, however, would not provide their support unless any U.S. military action was part of a multilateral effort.

In 1951, the Iranian parliament nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, a British corporation that controlled the nation's petroleum industry. Eisenhower at times had difficulty balancing means and ends in protecting national security. For months, an internal political struggle had made Lebanon unstable. The French asked for more than weapons: they talked about a U.S. air strike, even with tactical nuclear weapons, to save their troops. In the aftermath of this covert action, new arrangements gave U.S. corporations an equal share with the British in the Iranian oil industry. x[#}WBV A ugvl > YQSO j.N9*/CiP]xo~.UIpu$]~kk{Go/y CIA tactics were sometimes unsavory, as they included bribes, subversion, and even assassination attempts. <> stream Salinger and. He told his fellow citizens to be wary of the "military-industrial complex," which he described as the powerful combination of "an immense military establishment and a large arms industry." k&&--}&5@-GCanSPn @=Fc(=4SOzj[ &c c 4`%L\$H 3"y7YTKgI\4 "Eisenhower did balance three of the eight federal budgets while he was in the White House". ZDEQNs 0000002060 00000 n endobj Eisenhower decided that Fidel Castro, who came to power in Cuba in 1959, was a "madman" who had to be deposed. <]/Prev 779892>> endobj <> stream He authorized covert interventions into the internal affairs of other nations and provided aid to dictators in the interest of protecting "the free world." Dwight D. Eisenhower brought a "New Look" to U.S. national security policy in 1953. Nikita Khrushchev, who established himself as the main leader in the Kremlin in 1955, called his policy "peaceful coexistence," yet Eisenhower remained skeptical of Soviet rhetoric. <> stream He used a sexist metaphor to explain his thinking to Prime Minister Winston Churchill: "Russia was . BM/&bMK^Ssu$0 Then in July 1958, what appeared to be pro-Nasser forces seized power in Iraq. . 0000000016 00000 n The troops stayed only three months and suffered only one fatality. Always 100% free. The bombardment finally stopped in April 1954, although it is by no means certain that Eisenhower's nuclear warnings accounted for the PRC decision to end the crisis. 0000095574 00000 n During his last years in office, Eisenhower hoped to achieve a dtente with the Soviet Union that could produce a treaty banning the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere and oceans. :hDBb5b Eisenhower and Khrushchev agreed to meet again, along with the leaders of France and Britain, in Paris in May 1960. H=o0wwtR_;X$aCW"U 4|wGq9) )dEkDSC0_>ILN_ "|T,g;lr\+ "Chapter 38: The Eisenhower Era, 1952-1960" StudyNotes.org. !DV+SC];Q;d`F**~ ?)W"+EKY(EZ:`=V#;j<=s%0{KV|/dyF"(c`Js}Q \ Eisenhower refused, Khrushchev stormed out of the meeting, and the emerging dtente became instead an intensified Cold War. 0000005250 00000 n endstream endobj 101 0 obj <>stream Despite his embarrassment, Eisenhower took responsibility for the failed U-2 mission and asserted that the flights were necessary to protect national security. The land reform, however, produced strong opposition, as it involved confiscating large tracts from the United Fruit Company and redistributing them to landless peasants, who made up a majority of the Guatemalan population. 0000004820 00000 n The "Spirit of Geneva" eased tensions between the Soviets and the United States, even though the conference failed to produce agreements on arms control or other major international issues. <> Eisenhower considered the creation of South Vietnam a significant Cold War success, yet his decision to commit U.S. prestige and power in South Vietnam created long-term dangers that his successors would have to confront. Chapter 2: The Planting of English America, 1500-1733, Chapter 3: Settling the Northern Colonies, 1619-1700, Chapter 4: American Life in the Seventeenth Century, 1607-1692, Chapter 5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution, 1700-1775, Chapter 7: The Road to Revolution, 1763-1775, Chapter 8: America Secedes from the Empire, 1775-1783, Chapter 9: The Confederation and the Constitution, 1776-1790, Chapter 10: Launching the New Ship of State, 1789-1800, Chapter 12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812-1824, Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy, 1824-1840, Chapter 14: Forging the National Economy, 1790-1860, Chapter 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790-1860, Chapter 16: The South and the Slavery Controversy, 1793-1860, Chapter 17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy, 1841-1848, Chapter 18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle, 1848-1854, Chapter 19: Drifting Toward Disunion, 1854-1861, Chapter 20: Girding for War - The North and the South, 1861-1865, Chapter 21: The Furnace of Civil War, 1861-1865, Chapter 22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865-1877, Chapter 23: Paralysis of Politics in the Gilded Age, 1869-1896, Chapter 24: Industry Comes of Age, 1865-1900, Chapter 25: America Moves to the City, 1865-1900, Chapter 26: The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution, 1865-1896, Chapter 27: The Path of Empire, 1890-1899, Chapter 28: America on the World Stage, 1899-1909, Chapter 29: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901-1912, Chapter 30: Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad, 1912-1916, Chapter 31: The War to End War, 1917-1918, Chapter 32: American Life in the Roaring Twenties, 1919-1929, Chapter 33: The Politics of Boom and Bust, 1920-1932, Chapter 34: The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933-1939, Chapter 35: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933-1941, Chapter 36: America in World War II: 1941-1945, Chapter 37: The Cold War Begins, 1945-1952, Chapter 38: The Eisenhower Era, 1952-1960, Chapter 39: The Stormy Sixties, 1960-1968, Chapter 40: The Stalemated Seventies, 1968-1980, Chapter 41: The Resurgence of Conservatism, 1980-2000, American people found themselves in the 1950s dug into the Cold War abroad and dangerously divided at home over the explosive issues of communist subversion and civil rights, Democratic prospects in the president election of 1952 were blighted by the military deadlock in Korea, Trumans clash with MacArthur, war-bred inflation, and whiffs of scandal, Democrats nominated Adlai E. Stevenson (governor of Illinois) while the Republicans enthusiastically chose General Dwight D. Eisenhower (and paired him with Richard Nixon), Eisenhower was already the most popular American of his time (television politics, credentials), Eisenhower left the rough campaigning to Nixon, but reports surfaced of a secret slush fund that Nixon had tapped while in Senate and he made a Checkers speech that saved him, Nixon and Eisenhower both embraced the new technology of the black-and-white television, This new medium was a threat to the historic role of political parties (political communication), Eisenhower cracked the solid South wide open and ensured GOP control of the new Congress, Eisenhower visited Korea in December 1952 but could not budge the peace negotiations; only after Eisenhower threatened to use atomic weapons seven months later was an armistice finally signed but was repeatedly violated in the succeeding decades, The fighting lasted three years and about fifty-four thousand Americans died and more than a million Asians were dead but only Korea remained divided at the thirty-eighth parallel, Eisenhower had a leadership style that projected sincerity, fairness, and optimism; his greatest asset was his enjoyment of the affection and respect of the citizenry, His immense popularity was used for a good cause (social harmony and civil rights), One of the first problems Eisenhower faced was the swelling popularity and swaggering power of anticommunist crusader Senator Joseph R. McCarthy who crashed into the limelight with the charge that scores of known communists worked in the State Department (failed to prove), McCarthys Republican colleagues realized the usefulness of this kind of attack on the Democratic administration; McCarthy saw the red hand of Moscow everywhere, McCarthy flourished in the Cold War atmosphere of suspicion and fear; he was surely the most ruthless red-hunter and damaged the American traditions of fair play and free speech, The careers of countless officials, writers, and actors were ruined after he named them, Opinion polls showed that a majority of the American people approved of McCarthys crusade, Eisenhower, in effect, allowed him to control personnel policy at the State Department, McCarthy crossed the line by attacking the US army; soldiers fought back in televised hearings and the Senate formally condemned him for conduct unbecoming a member (McCarthyism), General Eisenhower entered White House in 1953 pledging his administration to a philosophy of dynamic conservatismbalance the federal budget and guard the Republic from socialism, Eisenhower supported the transfer of control over offshore oil fields from the federal govt to the states; he tired to curb the TVA by encouraging private companies to compete, In Operation Wetback, as many as 1 million Mexicans were apprehended and returned to Mexico due to pressure from Mexican govt over illegal Mexican immigration (, Eisenhower sought to cancel the tribal preservation policies of Indian New Dealproposed to terminate the tribes as legal entities and revert to assimilationist goals of the Dawes Act of 1887, Eisenhower pragmatically accepted and legitimated many New Deal-like programs, Ike backed the Interstate Highway Act of 1956, a $27 billion plan to build 42,000 miles of highways; benefits to industries, exacerbated air quality, and proved disastrous to cities, Eisenhower balanced the budget only three times in his eight years in office and in 1959 he incurred the biggest peacetime deficit in American history (sharp downturn of 1957-1958 that left more than 5 million workers, economic troubles helped the revive the Democrats), Secretary of state John Foster Dulles promised not merely to stem the red tide but to roll back its gains and liberate captive peoples (balance budget by cutting military spending), Dulles and the policy of boldness in 1954Eisenhower would relegate army and navy to back seat and built up an air fleet of superbombers (massive retaliation), Advantages thought to be paralyzing nuclear impact and its cheaper price tag (Chinese), After Stalins death in 1953, the new Soviet premier, Khrushchev rejected Ikes proposals for peace at the Geneva summit conference in 1955 (open skies proposal shot down), The new look in foreign policy proved illusory; in 1956 the Hungarians rose up against their Soviet masters and appealed in vain to the US for aid, but Moscow reasserted its domination, Europe thanks to the Marshall Plan and NATO seemed reasonably secure by the early 1950s but not East Asia; nationalists in Indochina; Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh wanted independence, Cold War events caused many of the Asian leaders to become increasingly communist while US became increasingly anticommunist (American financing French colonial war with Indochina), French garrison stuck in Dienbienphu in March 1954 and after the US held back, Dienbienphu fell to the nationalists and conference at Geneva halved Vietnam at the seventeenth parallel, Victorious Ho Chi Minh in the North; pro-Western government under Ngo Dinh Diem, Eisenhower promised economic and military aid to the autocratic Diem regime; aid slowed, The US had backed the French in Indochina to win French approval of a plan to rearm West Germany; Germans were welcomed into the NATO fold in 1955; in the same year, the Eastern European countries and the Soviets signed the Warsaw Pactthe red military counterweight, Eisenhower negotiated arms-control agreements with Moscow; Soviets left Austria, Khrushchev denounced the bloody excesses of Joseph Stalinhope for the future, Events late in 1956 ended the post-Geneva lull with the Hungarian rebellion (US admit refugees), Increasing fears of Soviet penetration into the oil-rich Middle East prompted act in Washington, The American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) engineered a coup in 1953 that installed the shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi (because he embraced the West, no nationalization), In the Suez crisis, President Nasser of Egypt was seeking funds to build an immense dam on the upper Nile with America and Britain giving money but Nasser floated toward communists, Dulles withdrew the dam offer and Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal (Western oil supply), Secretary Dulles labored to ward off armed intervention but the US, France, and Britain staged a joint assault on Egypt late in October 1956Eisenhower refused to give allies any oil, Domestic American reserves had been rapidly depleted since 1940 (oil powers in Middle East), The Eisenhower Doctrine in 1957 pledged US military and economic aid to Middle Eastern nations threatened by communist aggressionreal threat was nationalism (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC, and stranglehold on Western economies), The election of 1956 was a replay of the 1952 contest with President Eisenhower pitted once more against Adlai Stevenson; Eisenhower won a victory but still lost both houses of Congress, A drastic labor-reform bill in 1959 grew out of recurrent strikes in critical industries and scandalous revelations of gangsterism in unionist high echelons (Teamsters Union), Teamster chief Dave Beck was sentenced to prison for embezzlement and James R. Hoffa was elected to be his successor; the Senate discovered $10 million stolen and Hoffa disappeared, Eisenhower using a dramatic television appeal convinced Congress in 1959 to pass the Landrum-Griffin Act that was designed to bring labor leaders to book for financial shenanigans and to prevent bullying tacticsantilaborites also forced into bill to be against secondary boycotts, Soviet scientists astounded the world on October 4, 1957, by lofting into orbit around the globe a spaceship (, This amazing scientific breakthrough shattered American self-confidence and America had seemingly taken a back seat in scientific achievement; fear of Soviet missile superiority, Eisenhower regarded the Soviets as not a threat while the Republicans blamed the Truman administration for not supporting a missile program but still the US was well advanced on a broad scientific front, including color television while the Soviets had gone all out for rocketry, Rocket fever swept the nation and Eisenhower established the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and directed billions of dollars to missile development, After humiliating failures, in February 1958 the US managed to put into orbit a satellite (2.5 lbs), The Sputnik success led to a critical comparison of the American education system with that of the Soviet Union; a strong move now developed in the US to replace unnecessary subjects, In 1958 the National Defense and Education Act (NDEA) authorized $887 million in loans to needy college students and in grants for the improvement of teaching the sciences and languages, Race toward nuclear annihilation continued unabated; The Soviets, after completing an intensive series of exceptionally dirty tests, proclaimed a suspension in March 1958 and urged the Western world to follow; In October 1958, the US halted underground and atmospheric testing, In July 1958 Egyptian and communist plottings threatened to engulf Lebanon and after the president called for aid under the Eisenhower Doctrine, the US restored order with troops, Khrushchev was eager to meet with Eisenhower to pave the way for a summit conference with Western leaders and the president invited him to America in 1959 to speak before the UN, After a meeting at Camp David the spirit evaporated when the Paris summit conference in May 1960 was a fiasco because an American U-2 spy plane was shot down in Russia, The concord of Camp David was replaced with the grapes of wrath (Eisenhower took blame), Latin Americans resented the Marshall Plan and was annoyed at US habit of intervening in Latin American affairsCIA-directed coup that ousted a leftist govt in Guatemala in 1954, Washington had supported Fulgencio Batista in Cuba but when Fidel Castro engineered a revolution early in 1959, he began to take American property for a land-distribution program, The US cut off heavy imports of Cuban sugar while Castro made Cuba a satellite of Moscow, Americans talked seriously of invoking the Monroe Doctrine and Khrushchev threatened US, The Cuban revolution, which Castro sought to export to his neighbors, brought other significant responses; in Costa Rica in 1960 the US induced the Organization of American States to condemn communist infiltration into the Americans and President Eisenhower proposed a Marshall Plan for Latin America with an initial authorization of $500 million (too late), As Republicans approached the presidential campaign of 1960, Vice President Nixon was their heir apparent; he had defended American democracy in a kitchen debate with Khrushchev.