Please try again, Email address not valid, please try again, [version 2; peer review: 3 approved with reservations], Department of Human Biology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyski University, Warsaw, Poland, Department of Human Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, Marini E. Reviewer Report For: Do Maya women have the chance to improve their quality of life? James Tanner wrote that the average height of people in any society is a mirror that reflects rather accurately the material and moral conditions of that society (Tanner, 1986). The height measurement was performed by persons trained and employed to carry out this research. Which of the following MOST accurately describes the plateau phase?

The Yucatn Peninsula has year-round warm weather and is often hot and the style of home offers a cool place to live. Women's body cells are more sensitive to testosterone than men's. Oral sex is likely to be viewed as unnatural or disgusting in: Africa (with the exception of northern regions). Our results showed that the body height of men and women declines with increasing age (Table 1). Even though elites claimed that workers had the right to leave haciendas, realistically, they were accumulating huge debts and were unable to escape. Mayan life in the late 19th and at the turn of the 20th centuries was closely related to the cultivation of henequen fiber. In Yucatn at this time, education was devoted to the expansion and success of the henequen industry, and as a result, laborers were mainly trained in henequen production only. Which of the following has been known to induce priapism (constant, unwanted erection)? If you've forgotten your password, please enter your email address below and we'll send you instructions on how to reset your password. You work at the same institute as any of the authors. Ejaculation triggers a short-term neurological inhibitory mechanism. It also created thousands of schools, health reforms, and sanitation services (Rioux, 2014). At this time, research findings are contradictory.

Excess testosterone can stimulate the growth of preexisting: when a woman is satisfied with her level of sexual desire and responsiveness. Their daily food typically consisted of two tortillas, a bowl of beans, and a plate of fish (Sterling, 2012). Which of the following statements concerning multiple orgasms is TRUE.

Too much history, compared to biology. According to Kaplan, this man is having difficulty with the _____ phase of sexual response.

A woman in her mid-seventies is extremely sexually active.

The research was population based and no a priori hypotheses were formulated. The question arose as to whether researchers were paying careful attention to the ethnic division based on surnames. Verbal consent was obtained over written consent because not all participants taking part in the project were literate.

Email or password not correct. Returning to the results of this work, which includes adults, the observed differences in the secular changes of men and women in the Maya population since the beginning of the 20th century are most likely caused by living conditions. When hormone replacement therapy is administered to hypogonadal men, ____.

The trend is discussed in relation to historic economic and cultural changes, which have affected men and women differently. Maya women of southern Mexico and Guatemala have the shortest stature of all non-Pygmy women and that has been so for at least 100 years (NCD-RisC, 2016).

Yucatn became one of the poorest states in Mexico and could not survive without the help of Mexico City (Evans, 2012; Rioux, 2014).

It is expected that the living conditions of Maya men did not improve significantly in the 20th century. Conditions were unsanitary, and diarrhea was the leading cause of death, especially among infants. In addition, prisoners of war were bound with henequen rope, juices from Agava were used to make wine, and henequen also could be a decoration (Rioux, 2014). All members of the Maya families suffered, but women were particularly affected. Haciendas were typically composed of a variety of different structures, including a main house, a kitchen, a warehouse, servant quarters, worker housing, stables, a church, a store, a cemetery, a pigsty, roping areas, gardens or fields, and even prisons. Most of the cooking is done on a comal for making tortillas or pots for cooking in (Figure 3). the frequency of previous sexual activity. arousal is measured using physiological recording devices. Henequen fiber was also used to drill teeth, and the sharp spines of henequen leaves were used as needles. (2017) and assesses sexual dimorphism of height in relation to three economic predictors: (1) gross domestic product; (2) gross national income per capita adjusted for personal purchasing power; and (3) the relative degree of income distribution adjusted for health inequalities within a nation and calculated by the Wagstaff method (Gini coefficient). Most people have two houses.

It was more about examining the variation of data parameters with age among the Maya.

The differences between houses are the size and the materials used to build them. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved with reservations].

A major use for the henequen fiber was rope to fasten and pull, and as material for sandals, hunting bows and traps, roofing thatch, fishing nets, hammocks, bags to transport different items (e.g. However, in my opinion the results are not enough explained or discussed, and the overall structure needs some adjustment. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved with reservations]. Freuds theory of orgasm held that _____ orgasm was more mature, and thus more preferable than ____ orgasm a. vuval, uterine b. uterine, vaginal c.vaginal, clitoral d.clitoral, vaginal. The odor of genital secretions serves as a sexual stimulant for most people. Some houses consist of mud and stone walls with thatched roofs, and some are also covered with concrete, grass, or palm leaves (which is very expensive). Both the ____ and ____ produce androgens in the female body. It provides a complete picture of the circumstances under which the Mayans were living.

In addition, carrying henequen leaves in the sun and the heat in Yucatn was especially grueling (Remmers, 1981). Substances known to inhibit sexual behavior are called: ____ is sometimes referred to as the "love" hormone. The workers were forced to buy food and other things at the hacienda-owned store. These changes were positive for laborers, but henequeneros were forced to pay higher wages and provide more services to the workers. As already mentioned, many elites were successful in the henequen industry, but there were 20 to 30 families known as casta divina (divine caste), who controlled 80-90% of the henequen industry (Riestra, 1996). Which of the following would MOST likely enhance his sexual desire? The mouth and the genitals are examples of ____ erogenous zones, while the upper and lower back are examples of ____ erogenous zones. Which of the following statements regarding the desire phase of sexual response is TRUE?

Reviewer Expertise: Biological anthropology, skeletal biology, human variation, quantitative methods. The sample included 364 men and 320 women between 2098 years of age and the study took place from February to November 1994. The concept of this study was to measure people from the most numerous ethnic group of the Merida population. The study of modern embryology has established that: What are the three phases of sexual response, in order, in Kaplan's model? The found secular trend in height (younger 10-year cohorts are slightly taller than the older ones) and the applied correction for changes related to aging indicate that among female differences in height between age cohorts are much more pronounced than among men. This concerned the land of milpa, corn ration, access to water, medical care, and sometimes childrens education.

buckets of water were used for washing and showers were not regarded as needed. Autistic children, who commonly exhibit a reduced ability to form social attachments and express love, often have significantly reduced levels of: In men, the primary source of androgens is the ____, while the ____ is/are where the remaining androgens are produced. Between 1934 and 1940, large areas of land were redistributed, which resulted in the confiscation of 61% of henequen fields. ____ is the shortest phase of the Masters and Johnsons sexual response cycle. Even though women produce less testosterone than men, this does not mean that they have lower sex drives. The Maya living conditions throughout the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century were very bad. seriously inhibit erection and ejaculation. c. Male & Female descriptions are on the whole indistinguishable. Younger individuals worked in different kinds of factories localized in Merida city and vicinity, producing different brands of soft drinks and food products. During the 1930s, adverse weather changes, such as drought, windstorms, cold winters, hot summers, as well as grasshoppers, caused further damage to the wheat industry. Laborers were required to wear specific types of clothing and they were not allowed to wear foreign styles. Workers were offered loans by henequeneros that were part of the so-called paternalistic goods (restriction of the freedom of a person or group of people).

The challenging manual labor led to many fractured or broken arms and legs. Body height has increased dramatically during the 20th century in many populations across the world with only few exceptions. The fire is low, surrounded by stones, or against a concrete wall. The Conclusion, that is actually an extensive Summary of the whole paper, instead of a short statement of what is the new addition to knowledge, repeats a lot of Introduction. What are the changes in height if we compare both sexes?

Which of the following statements concerning the orgasm phase in the aging male is FALSE?

Sexual dimorphism in height was interpreted using the SDI, which was calculated by the following formula: (XMales - XFemales / XFemales) * 100. Doctors and medicines were only present on larger haciendas, and even then, they were not sufficient to treat the quantity of health issues faced by laborers (Ransom Carty, 2006; Remmers, 1981; Wells, 1985). The main house, or Casa Principal, was usually the largest building, where the haciendado kept his living quarters and where most of the administration occurred (Kumar, 2019; Wells, 1985). Science, Biology, Anatomy, Biological Anthropology, Applied Mathematics.

The shape of the houses has been similar from generation to generation. Reviewer Expertise: Physical Anthropology, Human biology.

Sexual facial grimaces are an example of: Which one is NOT true concerning the four-phase sexual response model? Which of the following is likely to be true? Which of the following is NOT true of oxytocin? During the 1960s, there was an attempt to revive the henequen industry, but hard fiber industries had already been established in other areas, and it would have been very challenging for Yucatn to become competitive in the market again (Carrillo, 2013). It is assumed that there are three ethnic groups in the Yucatn: the Maya, the Mestizo and the Creole.

Which of the following statements MOST accurately summarizes the effects of aging on female sexuality?

The original project protocol included that verbal consent would be obtained, and this mode of consent was therefore permitted by CONACyT. All calculations were done in Statistica 13.0 (Dell Inc, 2016). It may be stated that variation in body physique and body proportions during the postnatal growth in different ethnic groups is under the influence of complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors (Siniarska et al., 2019). Please confirm that you accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions. It is not uncommon for workers to beat their wives because of failures at work.

This paper presents valuable data on Maya people. Poor diets and the lack of sufficient food led to starvation for many laborers, and suicide was not uncommon. Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. Which of the following BEST summarizes the role of oxytocin in both male and female sexual behavior? Many antihypertensives, drugs used for treating high blood pressure, have been experimentally demonstrated to: Unfortunately, the rhinoceros population in Africa has dwindled to the point of near extinction, largely as a result of the erroneous belief that rhinoceros horn is a(n): A great deal of evidence indicates that regular use of opiates, such as heroin, morphine, and methadone, often produces a significant, and sometimes dramatic, ____. Based on what is known about sexuality and older women, which of the following inferences could MOST likely be made?

By continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. A thatched roof does not absorb the heat like concrete, so that makes it cooler.

In other words, henequen workers were essentially slaves as a result of the debt peonage system.

Despite all of the increases in education, many people in Yucatn were illiterate and the literacy rate was still low due to the many laborers on haciendas (Remmers, 1981). Body height of both men and women were collected, as well as age at menarche for women. Men, but not women, may experience increased sexual desire with remedial administration of testosterone.

Women have less testosterone than men but are more sensitive to it than men are. Many human biologists today may not know what the henequen is. These findings emphasize that secular trend in Merida sample is lower in men than in women. Everything was done to bring families together in order to control the social life of Maya peasants (Joseph, 1982; Remmers, 1981; Wells, 1985). https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52467.2, https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52467.1, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16447350.v1, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, http://www.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16447350.v1, https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.81416.r126353, https://f1000research.com/articles/10-1034/v2#referee-response-126353, https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.81416.r126351, https://f1000research.com/articles/10-1034/v2#referee-response-126351, https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.55748.r96803, https://f1000research.com/articles/10-1034/v1#referee-response-96803. Thus, henequen workers were essentially slaves as a result of the debt peonage system (an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work) (Alston et al., 2009).

It irritates and inflames the lining of the urethra and bladder. This second model could not be applied on our studied Mayan population, due to the lack of detailed information on the three economic predictors. David takes an antidepressant medication that increases the availability of serotonin in the brain. Considering the SDI results for each of the age group, significant changes in the index values from 9.9 to 7.6 were observed. A man never initiates sex with his partner, although when she initiates with him he is sexually responsive ( has an erection and eventually ejaculates). They were also expected to reproduce to create another generation. Which of the following statements concerning survey findings on orgasm in older women is FALSE? This resulted in Yucatn becoming the richest state of Mexico (Brannon & Baklanoff, 1987). The first one describes the lack of changes in men born between 1860 and 1933 (McCullough, 1982), the second one describes small changes between 1933 and 1956 (Wolaski et al., 1994). Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Older people, not working, generally parents or grandparents of people working in factories, were measured in their homes. Also, marriages outside the hacienda were often forbidden. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. With respect to odors and sexual arousal, which one is NOT true? All of the following are physiosexual changes in the aging female EXCEPT: cessation of uterine contractions at orgasm.

To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Testosterone is known to stimulate the release of: Current research evidence seems to indicate that humans do secrete ____, yet it is still uncertain whether or not they act as sexual attractants. It may be more extensive than required for the scientific objectives of the study, but I found it interesting and engaging, essentially an ethnography of the population. Many human biologists today may not know what the henequen is. Also, workers and their families were required to cut their hair a certain way (Moseley, 1980). Reviewer Expertise: Science, Biology, Anatomy, Biological Anthropology, Applied Mathematics. A 65-year-old man comments that his sexual relationship with his wife is better than it has ever been. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles.

This article discusses the secular trend of height, sexual dimorphism and female sexual maturation in a fairly large sample of Maya population aged 20-98 years and living in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. A sentence explaining that it is a source of industrially useful fibre would be useful. The number of shared buildings in a household depends on how many families are living there. User comments must be in English, comprehensible and relevant to the article under discussion.

Of the main senses, ____ tends to predominate during sexual intimacy. Which one is NOT true concerning "multiple orgasms"? Additionally, public health agents ignored hacienda conditions and doctors were rarely present. The secular trend of body height was presented and adjusted for age-associated stature loss after the age of 30 years (0.06 cm / yr) according to Trotter & Gleser (1951). In the last 60 years a slight increase in body height has been observed in children, which affects the final height in adults (Wolaski & Siniarska, 1999). Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Despite the modernization efforts in society, healthcare on haciendas was virtually non-existent, so modernity was mainly limited to spaces outside of the hacienda system.

It was also a certain protection for the workers, but the possible benefits amounted to the loss of autonomy, backbreaking year-round labor, and separation from traditional pueblo life. You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password.

This index is used in the absence of information on the living conditions of adults at the time of the interview. Backyards are often full of fruit trees, vegetables, herbs and useful things for the familys meals. The haciendas were independent organizations employing hundreds of workers, arranged according to a certain structure. We reserve the right to remove any comments that we consider to be inappropriate, offensive or otherwise in breach of the User Comment Terms and Conditions. Even though the elites claimed that workers had the right to leave haciendas, realistically, they were accumulating huge debts and were unable to escape. The variation is considerable and there is a significant positive association for greater sexual dimorphism with increasing height for both men and women. have a variety of ejaculatory patterns for orgasm. This work was continued using the same type of three-ethnic division by Azcorra et al., 2013. Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. Information on the impact of testosterone on male sexuality has been obtained from all of the following EXCEPT: A woman has been dating a man for some time who, although he appears to enjoy her company, seems sexually apathetic toward her. After the Mexican Revolution, the whole industry related to the production of henequen, which ceased to be "Yucatn gold", collapsed, but the living conditions of Mayas have since improved.

The store provided credit, and this indebted the Maya to the hacienda. Some of the existing studies (Bogin, 2013; Bogin et al., 2014), approaching biological status in many aspects, are mainly based on nutritional status, and still do not bring significant changes in the improvement of the living conditions of the Maya group. After the 1920s, the henequen industry faced continued challenges. The description of the relationship between the hacienda workers and the henequen industry, using supporting literature, is important here. Which of the following statements concerning the Grafenberg spot is TRUE? the anterior wall of the vagina may be much more sensitive to stimulation than was originally believed. 1 Adjusted for age-associated stature loss after the age of 30 years (0.06 cm/yr) after Trotter & Gleser (1951). Three phenomena were considered: secular trend in height observed in the cohorts of men and women, sexual dimorphism in height which was useful for the assessment of living conditions for the population studied, and age at menarche. Ethnic groups were established using two surnames of children from the fathers and mothers side. Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). The fact that some women have claimed to experience orgasm while listening to their favorite musician at a concert can be attributed to: Mental events like fantasies are the product of the ____, the gray matter in the brain that controls reasoning and language abilities. They suffered physically not only from their husbands who were reported to be violent towards their wives, but also from the owners of haciendas who were reported to humiliate and rape both the wives and daughters of their workers on various occasions. The assessment of belonging to the Maya ethnic group was based both on their surnames (two Maya surnames or one Maya surname, as well as on their appearance: short stature, corpulent body structure). Which of the following statements regarding hormones in men and women is FALSE? Education level varied from illiterate to those who had not completed secondary school. This part of the body would then be MOST appropriately labeled a: When women view visual erotica, ratings of sexual arousal are likely to be higher when: Which of the following BEST describes how men and women respond sexually to visual erotica? Maya families often spent their lives on the plantations for many generations (Peniche Rivero, 2003).

You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Only the publication of the work by Rioux, 2014 - Honors Theses, allowed the authors to find the relevant literature. are probably determined by both psychosocial factors and biological factors.

In Merida women, it is 0.90 cm per decade, which is statistically significant.

Because there were not statistically significant differences between children from Maya and Mestizo groups in most somatic measurements, those two ethnic groups were joined together and the final comparison was done between Creole and Maya / Mestizo groups.

sexual interest and activity often increase. The results of these studies indicate that Maya / Mestizo children and youth are shorter, with shorter legs and are characterized by relatively longer upper limbs than legs and relatively (to height) wider shoulders as compared to their peers from the Creole group. Therefore, it could be concluded that sexual dimorphism in adult height is more affected by its changes in males than females (Bogin et al., 2017).

There were many haciendas (large agricultural estates or plantations) in Spanish-speaking countries, especially in Mexico, and from the mid-18th century these grew in size and economic power for almost a hundred years. Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. We have to remember that in the turn of the century (the 19th and 20th) in some places of Maya land (especially in Yucatn), Maya inhabiting communities were under supervision of owners of sisal or other plantations' haciendas and Maya people received the surname of the owner (as a gift). One of the problems in using drugs such as Depo-Provera to treat sex offenders is that: many sexual assaults occur as the result of nonsexual motives. (2017), sexual dimorphism in adult height was calculated for 169 countries and its average value was 11.8 cm (sd 2.0). Most houses are about the same size. Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? the extension of sexual arousal for long periods of time, often several hours. Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Unfortunately for Maya people, selling their land was the only way to earn some money and support their families (Evans, 2012). To read any peer review reports and author responses for this article, follow the "read" links in the Open Peer Review table. Which of the following statements regarding testosterone is FALSE? Age at menarche changes between 10-year-old womens cohorts were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis Test. The main role of Maya women was to run the house and give birth to children. This was due to the cultivation of henequen fiber, which was led by elites, primarily white individuals of Spanish origin, named henequeneros. Before taking part in the project, the participants were informed of what would be required of them, that participation was voluntary, and that they could withdraw at any time. This paper presents valuable data on Maya people. The information that you give us will be displayed next to your comment.

If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. Globally, Maya people have one of the shortest statures.

This is due to greater sensitivity to environmental factors of men than women (Bogin, 1999; Cole, 2003; Kaczmarek & Wolaski, 2018; Mamidi et al., 2011; zer, 2007; Singh-Manoux et al., 2010; Tutkuviene, 2005; Wolaski, 2012). Many research projects took place in these villages, which involved renting apartments and ordering food from the local families. The only reason henequen continued to prosper was the massive demand created by World War I.

From the second half of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, stabilization of body height was observed.

At that time the daily lives of Maya families had a great impact on their biological status. This may indicate a recent improvement in the living conditions of Maya women in Yucatn but it may also depend on the female cohort taken for the study, which is not as numerous as in the case of this material, as well as may relate to another socio-economic group. This fact could have worked as a selection mechanism within the cohort of women.

This could be the most important reason showing the observed secular trend of increasing height is less in men compared to women. The topic is interesting and the article presents valuable data, collected by the same authors three decades ago. in the nearby holiday resorts of Cancun or Merda. There has been no change in the maturation time of Maya women throughout the 20th century, but recent research in the early 21th century shows that there has been little progress (earlier maturation assessed by age at menarche). Many women worked in garment factories, built by Americans and for the needs of the American market, which were located in the vicinity of Merida.

A question can be asked what Maya women themselves think about the changes in their lives. Which of the following would be LEAST likely to affect the length of the refractory period? The very poor living conditions of Mayas began in the colonial period (19th century), where large haciendas (mostly sisal plantations) existed in the Yucatn Peninsula (EY, 1980; Gonzlez Navarro, 1979) and continued until the end of the Mexican Revolution (around 1940), when the living conditions of Mayas slightly improved (Evans, 2012; Rioux, 2014). To which of the following aspects of his sexual experience would he MOST likely be referring? In 1900, rural laborers were spending half to three-quarters of their incomes on basic staples of life, mainly food (Buffington & French, 2000). But henequen had been present in the life of Mayan society since pre-conquest times.

Permission to conduct the study was sought and given by CONACyT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologa). However, the life of men was better than women at the beginning of 20th century. Necessary items are hung in plastic bags, including food.

Commenters must not use a comment for personal attacks. Until the end of the 20th century, height of men increased a little, but the changes are not statistically significant, while it increased statistically in the case of women.