MATLAB functions supporting sparse gpuArray objects. To represent the data distribution in two statuses, we utilized the Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) method. A warning message is thrown if the function is too fast. This is useful because it frees the caller from having to worry about this, and it can also save some code space as the code to readjust the stack is only in the function rather than residing everywhere the function is called. Several articles highlight this tension between library staff and library technologists including Davidson and Rusk (1996: 3025), reporting that differences in underlying values and styles of librarians and technologists created difficulties in reaching consensus. Proximities express the similarity or dissimilarity between data objects (Hrdle and Simar, 2006). In this example, the 3 3 and 9 9 Sobel kernels are used. The following code is used for balancing the training data set: tr
You can create a sparse gpuArray either by calling sparse with a gpuArray input, or by calling gpuArray with a sparse input (Fig. The next most common calling syntax is the standard call syntax.

4.13. 4.11.

Consequently, it is not sufficient to have the packet filters only in UE and PDN GW. She can fix barcode scanners and test new network connections, while assisting the staff with their problems. Running the example above results in two outputs: These lines come from the toc functions, which print the elapsed time since the last call to the tic function. Also, gputimeit ensures that all operations on the GPU have completed before the final timing.

It is true that the PDN GW does not need the packet filters to do the bearer mapping of downlink traffic, since this is instead done by the Serving GW when PMIP-based S5/S8 is used.

Fig. It is not obviously useful to create a handle to an existing function, like sin in the example above. There are numerous ways that functions can be called, and it makes a difference as to how the stack is laid out. While the definition of a control plane continues to evolve, in general, the control plane serves to decouple services from service delivery mechanisms and to decouple quality-of-service from its realization mechanisms.

This is not directly related to the EPS bearers but it is the reason why the PDN GW also has packet filter knowledge for PMIP-based S5/S8. The systems generally were developed to handle functions used by staff, such as circulation or acquisitions; few public services functions were automated.

Frequently the technical staff began to talk a special techno- speak while the general library staff believed that these technicians no longer knew how to speak English. Isnt it enough that the Serving GW has the packet filters in this case? Fig. It generates new examples of minority classes artificially using the nearest neighbors of this class of elements and under samples the majority class to balance the training data set (Torgo, 2011).

MDS is a method based on proximities between objects, subjects, or stimuli used to produce a spatial representation of these items. The management of the topology information database, including where the information is stored, how it is updated, and how it is used for network optimization and service creation, drives the control and management plane architecture and implementation. Put differently: A function handle (whether in the @sin form or for an anonymous function) is simply a value that can be stored in a variable, just like a numerical matrix can be. and is defined as the area under the curve f(x) from a to b, as long as the function is above the x-axis. An example to illustrate this: The value of x from the main workspace is not used within f. Also, in the main workspace x was left untouched. All calculations are performed on the GPU. (Note that in MATLAB R2016a and later, many operations that previously used bsxfun no longer need them; A-mean(A) works directly and can in some cases be even faster.). These systems librarians dealt mostly with technical issues such as setting terminal characteristics, managing appropriate inputs and outputs to and from the system, running indexing jobs, and backing up the system. Sometimes it is the caller's responsibility to clean up the stack after the function returns, other times the called function handles this. This would be called by passing a string to the function and would create the same plot as in Figure 10.1: Write a function that will receive as input arguments an x vector and a function handle and will create a vector y that is the function of x (whichever function handle is passed) and will also plot the data from the x and y vectors with the function name in the title. Now funHandleDemo can be used as follows, for example: The handle of another existing function can be passed to funHandleDemo: Notice how @sin was a quick way to access the sin function without first storing it in a variable using f = @sin. The observant reader will have noticed from Figure 6.10 that the PDN GW still uses the packet filters, just as with the GTP-based S5/S8. 4.19. 4.17): Fig. 4.10. It is a method of tracking discontinuities within the image pixels. You can assign functions to variables using function handles. One simple method of approximating the area under a curve is to draw a straight line from f(a) to f(b) and calculate the area of the resulting trapezoid as. Normally, this would require use of for-loops, which often requires preallocation for speed. It calculates the difference of every matrix element from the matrix column mean. If the output of a function running on the GPU could potentially be complex, you must explicitly specify its input arguments as complex. Note that if a variable stores a function handle, just the name of the variable would be passed (not the @ operator).

There are two ways to do this. The time is returned in seconds. An example: A function is created in an m-file that accepts a function handle and a scalar number.

plotFHandle then calls the plot function, passing it some data and the function handle to sin.

For example, to create a handle to the sin function (sine) and use it as f: Now f is a handle to the sin function.

A function handle is a MATLAB value that provides a means of calling a function indirectly. For example, to use a constant c = 2 in an anonymous function: f(3) used the variable c as a parameter to multiply with the provided x. The data are passed as input arguments (as an x vector and the handle of a function to create the y vector) to the function, as is a cell array with the plot type names. % fnstrfn receives the name of a function as a string, % it converts this to a function handle and, % then plots the function of x (which is 1:.25:6), % Format: fnstrfn(function name as string). Routing is the process of establishing all link and node connectivity in the network topology, the reachability of a node to other nodes in the network, and resource information such as link bandwidth and node switching capacity and connectivity. Could you pass an anonymous function to the fplot function? Namely, it can generate a new SMOTEd data set that addresses the class unbalance problem. MATLAB has some built-in function functions. For example, let's say we have a function that creates an x vector.

Using bsxfun this process is sped up. Within the scope of f, the variable names between parentheses after the @ operator are independent from the main workspace variables. Table 4.4 presents the functions that support sparse gpuArray objects: Table 4.4. During 2007 there were long discussions in 3GPP whether PMIP should be extended to support bearer-related signaling, as well as to allow user-plane marking to identify the EPS bearers, similar to GTP. You can assign an invalid handle and use it in such operations as func2str. The fplot function is a nice shortcutit is not necessary to create x and y vectors, and it plots a continuous curve rather than discrete points. See Anonymous Functions for more information.

One built-in function function is fplot, which plots a function between limits that are specified. where XXX are the input name and age, respectively. Creating sparse gpuArray objects.

Three arguments are normally passed to it: the handle of the function, and the limits a and b. For example, for the polynomial 3x2 + 4x 4, which would be represented by the vector [3 4 -4], the integral is found by: which shows that the integral is the polynomial x3 + 2x2 4x. To use f, arguments are passed to it as if it were the sin function: f accepts any input arguments the sin function accepts. In todays optical networks routing information is typically gathered infrequently, as network topology does not change frequently. A function handle retains that same mapping even if its corresponding function goes out of scope.

The function function feval will evaluate a function handle and execute the function for the specified argument.

A function has its own memory block for its variables. This is a way to perform many calculations with a minimal number of lines of code. It is very similar to standard call syntax in that it is up to the called function to clean up after itself. A typical control plane handles functions of network element discovery, routing, path computation, and signaling and connection setup. Figure 8.6 shows the data distribution before and after balancing. . The PDN GW, however, still performs important functionality such as bit rate enforcement and charging for the different IP flows. It also provides boundaries for policy and information sharing based on trust, business models, and need for scale. In the following example, we partially use the steps of the Canny Edge Detector to track image edges. As explained in Chapter 2, it is also possible to deploy EPS with PMIP between Serving GW and PDN GW.

Table 4.3.

Its 1975. Use the following syntax to construct a function handle, preceding the name of the function with an @ sign. Most of data sets in the real world have unbalanced class distributions that cause some problems in classification models. Why is this so? 4.12). Fig. For example, if creating a gpuArray that might have negative elements, use B = gpuArray(complex(A));. For example, using the anonymous function defined previously: The following is a modification of the previous function to which the function handle, limits, and the number of intervals are passed: function intsum = trapintn(fnh, lowrange,highrange, n), % trapintn approximates area under a curve f(x) from, %a to b using trapezoids with n intervals, for a = lowrange: increm : highrange - increm.

We measure the execution time of this function running on the GPU using the same image: Hence, the image edge detection function is running 9.25 faster on the GPU. Warning: The measured time for F may be inaccurate because it is running too fast. You can also store function handles in data structures for later use (for example, as Handle Graphics callbacks). Zahra Yazdani, Babak Teimourpour, in Data Mining Applications with R, 2014.

Measuring the execution time of a custom function using tic and toc. MATLAB provides the following functions for working with function handles.

Instead, they are treated as different variables within the scope of the anonymous function, that is: the anonymous function has its private workspace where the input variables never refer to the variables from the main workspace. This applies to gpuArray or to functions called in code run by arrayfun (see Section 4.4). The handle could then be used to call the function, just like the handle for the anonymous functions, as in: Using the function handle to call the function instead of using the name of the function does not in itself demonstrate why this is useful, so an obvious question would be why function handles are necessary for functions other than anonymous functions. To plot objects in two dimensional space, the following code can be used: dist=daisy(data_samp[,-19],stand=TRUE,metric=c(gower), text(x,y,labels=as.expression(as.numeric(data_samp[,19])),col=as.numeric(data_samp[,19])). It also makes code look cleaner, although it might be more difficult to interpret for people who don't know MATLAB or bsxfun. The function func2str converts a function handle to a character vector; this is used for the title. That is why they are called anonymous, although they can have a name like a variable in the workspace. Often the library staff became distrustful of the systems librarians. Write a function greeting(name, age) where name is a string, age is a float, and the output is a string "Hi, my name is XXX and I am XXX years old." A function that uses this call syntax is printf(), because a variable number of arguments can be passed to the printf function and printf handles them. This means that it is not possible for the bearers to extend all the way between UE and PDN GW. Information can leave the function's memory block only through a function's output variables. In contrast, in IP networks, routing is handled on a packet-by-packet basis. It is used by passing a value of x to f: A vector of values or a variable can also be passed to f, as long as they are used in a valid way within f: In the same fashion anonymous functions can be created to accept more than one variable. Otherwise, sqrt(B) will generate an error (Fig. In Hack Proofing Your Network (Second Edition), 2002. To execute a function associated with a function handle, use the syntax shown here, treating the function handle fhandle as if it were a function name: If the function being called takes no input arguments, then use empty parentheses after the function handle name: The following example calls a function plotFHandle, passing it a handle for the MATLAB sin function. Information can be added to a function's memory block only through a function's input variables. 4.19): Fig. The following code uses the fft function along with the arithmetic operator *. For example, the following would create a function handle for the built-in factorial function: The @ operator gets the handle of the function, which is then stored in a variable facth. Assume that m and n are strictly positive integers.

Plot of sin created using fplot. 4.11). Suppress all values that are below a certain threshold. Data class distribution before and after balancing. Figure 12.28. A function is a self-contained set of instructions designed to perform a specific task. Path computation provides available source-destination paths to either the endpoints or the traffic-engineering engine in the network. This is called parameterizing. Assume that x is a 1 by 1 float. Write a lambda function that takes in input x and y, and the output is the value of x - y. These early systems librarians did not interact with the public, the college or university students, staff, and faculty but instead were limited to working with library and computer center staff and faculty. Delphi-generated code tends to use fast call syntax, and it is also a common syntax in the NT kernel space.

in an m-file. Discovery is enabled by exchanging address or naming information over either the in-band or out-of-band control channel. Function handles can also be created for functions other than anonymous functions, both built-in and user-defined functions. A C-declared function is one in which the arguments are passed to a function on the stack in reverse order (with the first argument being pushed onto the stack last).

The routing information is used to construct a full network topology of the available links and nodes in the network, and is either stored locally in the network elements, maintained in management database, or in some combination of these. Write a function add_string(s1, s2) where the output is the concatenation of the strings s1 and s2. Simply passing the name of the function does not work: Instead, we have to pass the handle of the function: This creates the y vector as sin(x) and then brings up the plot as seen in Figure 10.1. Table 4.5. Assume that A is a one-dimensional float list or array, and that a and tol are 1 by 1 floats. The function func2str will return the definition of an anonymous function as a character vector that could also be used as a title.

The integral of a function f(x) between the limits given by x = a and x = b is written as. MATLAB has some built-in functions that accept anonymous functions as an input. It is kind of redundant in that example. 4.13): Fig. Nikolaos Ploskas, Nikolaos Samaras, in GPU Programming in MATLAB, 2016. Note that if the value of c is set to something different at this point, then f(3) is called, the result would not be different. For example, the following code creates array A directly on the GPU and array B on the MATLAB workspace. 4.16. Let r1 and r2 be the radius of circles with the same center and let r2>r1. Discovery protocols manage the finding and verification of nodes and links, including real-time updates for liveliness. For example, the following code measures the execution time to compute the fft of a 1, 000 1, 000 random matrix (Fig. Then you can successfully execute sqrt(B). Dan Gall, Donna Hirst, in An Overview of the Changing Role of the Systems Librarian, 2010. Assume that r1 and r2 are one-dimensional arrays of the same size. For example, lets assume that we want to measure the execution time of the custom function myFun that takes as input arguments two arrays of the same size (Fig. Write a function my_n_odds(a), where a is a one-dimensional array of floats and the output is the number of odd numbers in a. For example, lets assume that we want to measure the execution time of the custom function myFun that takes as input arguments two arrays of the same size (Fig. Other methods involve higher-order polynomials. 4.18. Measuring the execution time of a custom function using gputimeit. An improvement on this is to divide the range from a to b into n intervals, apply the trapezoidal rule to each interval, and sum them. See the reference pages for these functions for more information. This nested function can be only accessed by the parent function. As an example of a custom anonymous function that accepts one variable as its input, sum the sine and cosine squared of a signal: Now f accepts one input argument called x.

By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Figure 8.6. Lavagnino (1997: 218, 220) indicates: The systems librarian . These functions of the PDN GW, common to both PMIP-based S5/S8 and GTP-based S5/S8, are further described in Section 8.2 on PCC. was concerned with mainframe and minicomputer systems development and implementation, and usually was found working for bibliographic utilities, vendors, or large university libraries developing in-house systems. To store function handles in an array, use a cell array: If you create a handle to a function that is not on the MATLAB path, or if you load a handle to a function that is no longer on the path, MATLAB catches the error only when the handle is invoked. Write a function my_donut_area(r1, r2) where the output is the area outside of the circle with radius r1 and inside the circle with radius r2. However, it is useful to create anonymous functions that do custom things that otherwise would need to be repeated multiple times or created a separate function for.

Calculate the magnitude of the derivative (edge strength) in every pixel ignoring edge direction. Plot of sin created by passing handle of function to plot. MATLAB functions that might return complex data.

Write a function my_sinh(x) where the output y is the hyperbolic sine computed on x. 4.10). Especially for large amounts of data in large matrices, bsxfun can speed up things a lot. Initially, we measure the execution time of this function running on the CPU using a 5, 789 3, 867 jpeg image: To execute this function on the GPU, we do not have to perform any changes to the code because all functions and operators used are GPU-enabled.

While GTP is designed to support all functionality required to handle the bearer signaling, as well as the user-plane transport, PMIP was designed by IETF to only handle functions for mobility and forwarding of the user plane. Most learning algorithms tend to omit the smaller class because it is not supported statistically. If you want to measure a custom function, you can also use tic and toc in a similar way.

For example, the following code measures the execution time to compute the fft of a 1, 000 1, 000 random matrix (Fig. Assume that m has at least two columns. Assume that n is a strictly positive integer. PMIP thus had no built-in features to bearers or QoS-related signaling. Assume that r and h are 1 by 1 floats. Kristin Rauschenbach, Cesar Santivanez, in Optical Fiber Telecommunications (Sixth Edition), 2013.

When a function returns, it is up to the caller to clean up the stack based on the number of arguments it pushed earlier. Naked is rarely used, and when it is used, it's typically for a very good reason (such as supporting a very old piece of binary code). Since function handles are treated like variables, they can be passed to functions that accept function handles as input arguments. The result is returned. For example, the following is equivalent to sin(3.2): Another built-in function function is fzero, which finds a zero of a function near a specified value.

Recall that the surface area of a cylinder is 2r2+2rh, and the volume is r2h. The filter kernel is a matrix that assigns weights to the terms of the convolution sum. Use the @ operator to create anonymous functions and function handles.

Subplot showing different file types with their names as titles. Write a function my_cylinder(r,h), where r and h are the radius and height of a cylinder, respectively, and the output is a list [s, v] where s and v are the surface area and volume of the same cylinder, respectively. For example, for our anonymous function defined previously. A string containing the name of a function could be passed as an input argument, and then converted to a function handle. For example, for the preceding if there are two intervals, you would draw a straight line from f(a) to f((a+b)/2) and then from f((a+b)/2) to f(b). An example of an anonymous function that accepts three variables: Variables in the workspace can be used within the definition of anonymous functions. 4.20.

We sampled train and test data sets from all available objects randomly and used the SMOTE function of package DMwR for the training data to overcome these problems. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The timeit function takes one input argument, which is a function handle; this can be the handle of any type of function. The variable sqr contains a handle to the anonymous function.

Fig. tic and toc: We can use tic and toc to measure the execution time. It creates a, Optical Fiber Telecommunications (Sixth Edition), EPC and 4G Packet Networks (Second Edition), For purely real values or imaginary values of.

As libraries (and the culture at large) became more and more dependent on technology, the geeks and hardware gurus held the power to aid library staff charged with maintaining the day-to-day workflow of the libraries. 4.14. Vectors with the values of x and y = f(x) are passed to it.

The y vector is created by evaluating a function at each of the x points, and then these points are plotted. This is how it works when GTP is used between Serving GW and PDN GW. 4.17. An anonymous function (or, more precisely, the function handle pointing at an anonymous function) is stored like any other value in the current workspace: In a variable (as we did above), in a cell array ({@(x)x.^2,@(x)x+1}), or even in a property (like h.ButtonDownFcn for interactive graphics). the peaks function), f() would be used to call it without input arguments. Finally, there is one last calling syntax, called naked. The third type of calling syntax is called fast call syntax.