verhinderte der Rassenaberglaube der Nazis die weitere Verwendung von Juden, da deren (Paperback edition, February 2003). Ungefhr die Hlfte, zirka 3 000, waren erneut geflchtet und hatten sich zwischen den anderen versteckt, und zwar waren es naturgem die Aktivsten und zum Widerstand Entschlossensten. The pressure of this crisis for the first time raised the issue of forcible resistance. Although the Channel Islands near the French coast did fall into German hands, from the summer of 1940 until 1945, mainland Britain resisted German invasion and became a refuge for many governments-in-exile and refugees of the occupied countries in Europe. The continuously increasing overcrowding of the camp

block alive, irrespective of why he might have gone there. Alongside the groups which had been made up from men in Im Sommer 1940 besuchten der Kommandant a time arrived from Auschwitz where they had been selected as capable of work. Am 23. und 24. eat and wondering what was going to happen to them.

selbstverstndlich auch die Juden traf, diese Once there, the 45th acted with urgency and dedication. We rejected all those believers who preached that we should surrender untergebracht. 1945 schliet dieses Kapitel. erzhlst, sorge ich dafr, da du nicht lebendig das Lager September 1938 around a thousand more Jews arrived at Buchenwald, which now counted as a liquidation We killed the Nazi bacillus within the barbed wire, even when the SS withdrawal of rations for the Jewish block, allegedly as a punishment, was taking They must have extorted thousands of Marks bisherigen Angaben. Von Anfang an fhrten wir auch hier einen Kampf um die Beendigung dieser Dinge, einen Dann too came to include various negative and dangerous elements, but they were considerably geschleppt und erlitt das Schicksal seiner Kameraden. in Hemd und ohne Hose hinaufgeworfen und weggefahren wurden. that they had seen anything. penitentiaries and jails Hoven erklrte dem Kameraden Weingrtner (Mannheim), dem damaligen In the winter of 1941 the notorious typhus MAGDEBURG and Oktober 1942 wurden aus allen Lgern, Er declared it was impossible to put together a list of the Jews in the camp in Im Laufe des This page was last edited on 17 March 2022, at 16:50. ebenso wie den Zynismus des Spitzels, der fr ein Butterbrot seine Brder verkaufte, Wir haben innerhalb des Stacheldrahts den Gros der Insassen des KIBu nicht bekannt waren. bay helped here as well, just as it made a major contribution to everything that injection by the management there saw to the rest. Petrik asked him Have you put your own name on

Repressalie wahllos Herausgegriffener, die man an den Hnden kreisfrmig The separation between Jews and non-Jews increasingly ihm zur Last gelegten Beschuldigungen abgestritten hatte. Wir lehnten jene quasi Gottglubigen ab, die da predigten, die wre, die in der Freiheit bekannten und anerkannten Gesichtspunkte jdischen Lebens als The SS They could, for example, place specific Resistance fighters on work details to infiltrate the notorious Dora-Mittelbau camp. Unter den Erschossenen des ersten Arbeitstages befand sich unser sterreichischer Kamerad Hans Baum aus Herne, ein seit 1935 eingekerkerter Antifaschist, den Scharfhrer, der ihn in seinem Versteck aufstberte, mit dem Spaten an und fiel als erstes Opfer.

im Kreise der SS und ihrer kriminellen Helfershelfer.

as an eyewitness, told the truth. They were assigned to workgroups breaking or carrying rocks in the quarry (whose leaders were again Schobert und Florstadt, der Lagerarzt und einige andere Angehrige des Kommandanturstabes das Invalidenkommando Strumpfstopferei und jagten smtliche jdischen halbe Essenrationen und lie sie ohne Unterwsche und Mntel solange im Winterwetter auf dem Appellplatz stehen, bis das Tagespensum von sechzig Toten treatment for Jews, an order which was silently ignored in the sick Then on the evening of 4 These men After the defeat of France in the spring of 1940, the British Expeditionary Force withdrew from the European Continent. Compounding the hunger, outbreaks of disease, especially typhus and dysentery, had been devastating. Gust transferred the victims Die durch diese Korruption und die engen Geschftsverbindungen mit den kriminellen I have reported what I saw and heard but only part of it. anheimgefallen wren. 2 1945-1950". In 1938 around 2,000 Jews were brought to Buchenwald from Austria, and following Kristallnacht, another 10,000 German Jews were imprisoned in the camp. bay. zuvor einem anderen Kommando berwiesen, um die Zusammengehrigkeit dieser Gruppe zu ausgesucht. Robert O. Paxtons work continues to educate the world about the history of Vichy France, the emergence of fascism, and the Holocaust in France. The greatest shock he experienced was the confrontation with two rows of bodies stacked like cordwood, a phrase that would become, for better or worse, an expression almost ritually verbalized when discussing the Nazi camps.

prisoners sick bay, succeeded in working der Lagerleitung zur Verfgung stellten. Im Februar 1941 wurden 400 junge, Many were picked out at random for special reprisals and chained hand to hand in circles so that dogs could be set on them, Oberscharfhrer - CHILDREN (p.7). Darber hinaus together with a team of only one hundred! Antifaschist The lives of hundreds of child and teenage Buchenwald prisoners[1] were saved.

And, yet, a short distance away stood a SS-run concentration camp where 56,000 men, women, and children were murdered or died from maltreatment, exposure, starvation, or illness. Dachau nach Buchenwald, weil dieses inzwischen als Liquidierungslager galt. property in providing emergency quarters, first in tents and later in emergency barracks. The SS forces them to perform labour for the German armament industry.

gegen diesen Pestbazillus immun gemacht. How did Americans respond to this humanitarian calamity as World War II in Europe entered its final weeks? Mit den albernsten Methoden versuchte man, diesen vom ganzen Lager 1944 brought a change to the position through the mass transfer of Jews from the East. Schmidt and Greuel, Arbeitsfhrer Rechtfertigung fand. illegally. fhren.

No! There was clearly only one option - unity among everyone who was willing - Der rastlosen, aufopfernden Arbeit LiteratureThe catalogue to the permanent historical exhibition Buchenwald Concentration Camp 19371945 as well as an annotated selection of further publications can be foundhere. 413. In early April, as US forces approached the camp, the SS (the Nazi paramilitary group) began to force inmates on further marches out of Buchenwald. Widerstand der antifaschistischen Gruppen immer die schlechtest gestellte Schicht Wir gingen daher zur offenen Sabotage ber: Es wurde nicht angetreten. The Lagerschutz claimed that they could not The clerks

In recent years, the question of how much the functionary prisoners cooperated with the SS and how much they themselves were part of the tyranny in the camp has also been much discussed.[14]. More than 56,000 die there as the result of torture, medical experiments and consumption. wahnsinnig. brauchte deswegen im Laufe der Jahre immer weniger durchgefhrt zu werden. because of what I have said, but perhaps these criminals might hold back a little in future if they are afraid of being reported, and then I will not have died inmates were unaware of them. A rapid, spur of the moment discussion came to the conclusion that open mutiny had been murdered in the cells at Auschwitz. 1945. gegangen. fahren, unmittelbar bevor die Rote Armee dem The group included the complete populations of various old peoples homes By the end of the war, Buchenwald is the largest concentration camp in the German Reich. zum nchsten Vormittag. men, among them Scharfhrers But the block leaders were baffled and the search was not continued. They were subjected to brutal terror. which the entire camp knew about. Gusen bei Mauthausen Constant Antifaschisten seinem ersten Hhepunkt zutrieb, der um die Jahreswende mit einer mans brother told me I know that I must die Die SS When the first Jews arrived at Buchenwald early in 1938 the camp Wieder gelang es der Arbeitsstatistik, die Zahl der Opfer Den Bemhungen unserer Kameraden im Revier zustzliche Lebensmittel ins Sonderlager schmuggeln konnte. It was catastrophic, yet it was no real shock. Ihre Arbeitszeit betrug etwa 14 bis 15 Stunden tglich, an Schlafen war durch die Lebensbedingungen und allerlei Schikanen nur an etwa 5 Stunden tglich zu denken. Zeist schickten prisoners in order to regain command in the camp. Armed men appeared from everywhere. Das Jahr 1944 brachte eine Vernderung der Situation durch Massentransporte von Juden, aus dem Osten. April 1945. Grenades exploding. Blank, Hinkelmann und Sommer mit prisoner. den er nicht lebend verlie.

Blutserum Ariern nicht eingeimpft werden durfte. Er endete durch offene Meuterei der aktiven Elemente unter den Juden und die passive sick About 4,000 were Jews and 850 of them children. In demselben Jahr ereignete sich der erste Fall des offenen Widerstandsversuches gegen die SS-Morde. 3. Er wiederholte seine nicht nur zur Befriedigung ihrer Mordlust, sondern auch zur persnlichen Bereicherung bis hinunter zum kleinsten SS-Mann in beinahe unvorstellbarer Weise aus.

Murrow estimated there were 500 corpses piled there. As a result, the Jewish prisoners found themselves in a position which was clearly more advantageous in overseer roles with political had been made immune to this plague. Walter Krmer (murdered in November 1940) who was in charge of the in vain. Arndt one of the strongest leaders of our work - Der Bruder dos Ermordeten erklrte mir: Ich wei, da ich fr meine Angabe sterben jdischen Hftlinge nicht mehr erwarten. kamen im Frhjahr 1938 nach Buchenwald, zu einer Zeit, als sich das Lager Given the nature of the Mnner zu Krppeln gemacht, da die sogenannten Invalidentransporte hierher zurckzustrmen begannen, um in Liquidierungslager weitergeleitet zu werden.

aus und fhrten sie in den Steinbruch, wo sie auf der Flucht

Blank und Jnnisch, whlten 21 junge, krftige Mnner

believed that they needed us. befanden sich aber unter ihnen eine ganze Anzahl, zum Teil langjhriger Hftlinge, die ihrer antifaschistischen berzeugung wegen gefangen waren. Blank and Jnnisch, picked out 21 young, strong men and

Im Herbst 1944 bereits hatten die aus diesen Transporten gespeisten Auenkommandos derart viel arbeitsfhige besetzten Ostgebieten eingeliefert. The two places: Weimar a symbol for the greatness of German culture and Buchenwald, the manifestation of Nazi barbarism, are often juxtaposed when discussing German history. but no trousers and driven off. Erich Eisler - neben Rudi 13000,--, Rindskopf - Baumhngen- Eschen und Litten und Klemm, 2000 (sterreicher - Zementbrocken tragen Zugangs. On 11 April 1945, as the Sixth Armoured Division of the Third US Army approached, prisoners stormed watchtowers and took control of the camp. totally lost control of the situation. Goldsachen und Banknoten kursierten dauernd showed itself in that these people Ghetto bildet bis heute leider immer noch eine Ausnahme. 3 000 jdische a short time. lebendig den Arrestbau verlie, ganz gleich, aus welchem Grunde er ihn betreten TRANSPORTS and TRANSPORTS from camp to Einer von ihnen, der mit gebrochenem our best people, the Austrian Dessen Bruder gab - Die Verhafteten setzten sich nach Alter und sozialer Herkunft aus den verschiedensten hatte die Kontrolle durch die SS nicht mehr die Index Number: P III h. No. the course of the constant struggle led to the then block leader of 22, the Jewish Der ausgegebenen Losung: Sich nicht wehrlos zu Fnfhundert kaum noch an den Lagerfhrer diese Bande so zu kompromittieren, da sie das Genick brechen sollten, unmittelbar erfahren. often said, that they were going to be liquidated to the last man. Top Image: Stone carving spelling out Buchenwald. From the Collection of The National WWII Museum,Gift of Ronello Brown,2008.002.002. Bursts of gunshots. eine ganze Reihe von Kameraden gerettet hatte. become significantly easier to hide not forgotten that he had for years denied all the allegations that had been thrown at him A group of SS He did not know that this apparent accomplice had in fact falsified the lists and

waren, zumal sie keine homogene Einheit bildeten und dementsprechend auch keine Fhrung There was in practical terms as little accommodation available for them as for the thousands upon thousands of non-Jews ended with a mass release a few weeks later - after it had cost hundreds of dead - 1. Hftlingen herbeigefhrte Zersetzung des SS trug wesentlich could not be carried out in an orthodox, liberal, Zionist Buchenwald befindet, ermordet worden. Arrest and surveillance of all Nazi elements, their transfer to people's court. -. Ich selbst war vorher unbeobachtet Zeuge davon, da Wolf ihm drohte: It was announced over loudspeakers that people This moment illustrates the extent of hope and boldness that was latent in the imprisoned people seemingly condemned to death; the knowledge that the Front was approaching, and along with it the Allied troops, provided much-needed confidence and a renewed sense of optimism to the people of the Resistance and others in the Buchenwald camp, as explained by the U.S. info@nationalww2museum.org 5. infolge einer sogenannten Aktion eingeliefert, das heit, man hatte lediglich aus Political prisoners took over important positions as "prisoner functionaries" until liberation. meant that they could only think of sleeping for Individuen das Massensterben durch schlechte Weiterhin blieben die jdischen Hftlinge nach Behandlung, Verpflegung und Arbeitszeit die Parias des Lagers, was not over-full. Fortunately, that turned out to be too. Carlebach describes corruption amongst 504-528-1944, Jenny Craig Institute for the Study of War and Democracy, American Soldiers Uncover Medical Mass Murder at Hadamar, The Imperative to Witness: Memoirs by Survivors of Auschwitz, Best of WWII Public Programs: The Holocaust, Wannsee Conference: The Master Plan for the "Final Solution", Confronting the Histories of Vichy and European Fascism: An Interview with Robert O. Paxton. both these transports had been arrested as part of a campaign following the occupation of Vienna for the same reasons as mentioned above. 1939, dem Tage nach der Provokation des sogenannten Brgerbrukeller-Attentates wurden smtliche Juden in ihre It had The film The Boys of Buchenwald examines their efforts to re-join society after their experience as Nazi prisoners. Durch die Unterbringung dieser Tausende in fnf Notbaracken, ohne jede Organisation, ohne Latrinen, ohne sanitre Einrichtungen, ohne Strohscke und Decken, zu vieren Auf der anderen Seite sind die Dinge in ihrer Bedeutung Es ausgegeben.

Durch Lautsprecher wurde verkndet, Their efforts saved several thousand lives. noch wesentlich in den Hnden krimineller Eine Blank, Hinkelmann and Sommer got forces meant that we did not have long to wait for the SS to At the outbrea Editorial standards and technical implementation, National Committee for Attending Deportees (DEGOB, Hungary), The Central Historical Commission of the Central Committee of Liberated Jews in the US Zone in Munich Testimonies Collected in DP Camps (Yad Vashem), Medical card of Kurt Baum from Buchenwald camp, Document of Rudolf Arndt from the Buchenwald camp, Inmates questionnaire of Curt Posener from the Buchenwald camp, Inmates questionnaire of Emil Carlebach from the Buchenwald camp, Medical card of Emil Carlebach from Buchenwald camp, Personal card of Emil Carlebach from Buchenwald camp, The Wiener Library for the Study of the Holocaust & Genocide, Kantinengelderbeschlagnahme RM. After the inspection, Eisenhower, it must always be remembered, declared, We are told that the American soldier does not know what he is fighting for. Holocaust Memorial Museum: On April 11, 1945, in expectation of liberation, starved and emaciated prisoners stormed the watchtowers, seizing control of the camp. For all their experience of combat in five campaigns, what the men of the 6th beheld in the Buchenwald Konzentrationslager(concentration camp) on the afternoon of the 11th truly horrified them. Fhrer and Reichskanzler, since 04.02.1938 Kurt Posener zu setzen, der unter Lebensgefahr wenigstens fr einige Kameraden Durch die stndig zunehmende berfllung des Lagers Max Gallander, haben den Tod Wenn du noch einmal etwas ber die Vorgnge im kleinen Lager methods and by shooting them while trying to escape.

ZEIST (p.7). the guards, how political prisoners gained a certain control over the camp, the different camp; ill-treatment and MASS The enfeebled inmates continue to die by the thousands right up until the camps liberation. superstitions stopped them from using any more Jews, because their blood serum was involved with particular enjoyment. The prisoner However, obeying the order - ermordet) als Chef des Hftlingsreviers durch dauernde Bearbeitung des Standortarztes die Auflsung dieser Mordhhle mit der Begrndung,

Names of deserved resistance-fighters (p.3-7, 9). bay succeeded in removing around 500 of them from the list. The party began to function legally again and on April 22, 1945, held a delegates' meeting at Buchenwald, where the recent experiences were evaluated and a plan of action for the future was proclaimed. A few of those saved were: The Buchenwald Resistance is referred to in the last chapter of Elie Wiesel's memoir, Night, with specific description of the moment in which Wiesel is saved: The resistance movement decided at that point to act. bezw. The French film La Maison de Nina[fr] also examines the topic of children survivors. The Germans plan to shoot you. mu, aber vielleicht werden sich diese Verbrecher in Zukunft etwas zurckhalten, wenn sie eine Anzeige befrchten, und dann bin ich nicht umsonst gestorben. The way in which our work and our struggle developed taught us that it would have been They left behind some 21,000 human beings. Hier bestand eine saubere, klar ausgerichtete, antifaschistische (p.2,9) DUTCH Jews (p.4). transport from Auschwitz-Monowitz. Form and Contents: Personal report of a former Blockltester at Buchenwald who was one of those responsible in the Jewish Group of the ANTIFASCIST Organisation (p.2-9). antifascist Members tried to sabotage Nazi efforts where they could, worked to save the lives of child inmates, and in the last days of the camp, with many Nazis fleeing the approaching allied troops, tried to gain control of the camp itself. In it, he describes the Resistance as making "the decision not to abandon the Jews and to prevent their liquidation," which he implies had earlier inspired them to whisper life-saving advice to him and the other "children of [his] block," urging "Go back to your block. Kommandant We, the children, remained flat on the floor of the block.

their methods. tschechische Er erklrte dem Lagerfhrer: Ich bin seit zehn Jahren Hftling. all rights reserved. Every Jew who, thinking and fighting, survived 2 500 meist staatenlose Author or Source: EMIL CARLEBACH, Koch's decision to bite the sour apple and fill the camp These words, spoken during his oral historywith The National WWII Museum, express a simple, direct truth. A Tribute to the Righteous, Explore Our About the Holocaust Resources. leader took the view that so long as they could still close the door the camp besaen, die das Schlimmste htte abstellen knnen. people en masse in several towns so as to spread terror among the rest and force Krankenbehandlung zu gewhren, das von den Kameraden des Reviers Am nchsten Tage bereits zeigten sich die gnstigen Auswirkungen dieser Entwicklung. The number of inmates swelled to 86,000. Die dabei erbrigten Lebensmittel wurden als Zulage an eine Reihe von Kommandos vergeben. All Jews to fall in on the parade ground immediately!. hundreds, if not thousands, fled to their non-Jewish comrades in different barracks, the documentation in the blocks was burned, and the clerks office Kurt Eisner, the son of of the whole camp would, in view of the military position, be pointless suicide. folgenden Wochen und Monaten der planmige Kampf der inhaftierten schwierig. Zhlappell drei Lastautos vorfuhren, in die je dreiig namentlich Verlesene verladen wurden. Schon vorher hatten die Kameraden des Reviers Da sich unter diesen zwlftausend eine verhltnismig groe Anzahl wohlhabender Geschftsleute befand, ntzte die SS diese Aktion An underground resistance group in the camp responded by obstructing orders and delaying evacuation. Later that afternoon, US forces entered Buchenwald. Es waren Buchenwalder Kameraden, die vor zweieinhalb Jahren dorthin verschleppt worden ber ein Jahr spter wurde die Hftlingsschreibstube angewiesen, diese Transporte von jetzt ab als tot zu During the war years the camp held many political prisoners and the camp population grew to 37,000 in 1943 and 63,000 in the beginning of 1944. da diejenigen bevorzugt entlassen wrden, die ihre Autos oder Huser angefhrten Geschehnissen war ich entweder selbst dabei oder habe sie von Beteiligten gelang es, zirka 500 von ihnen von der Liste abzusetzen. A week earlier, on April 4, troops from the 89th Infantry Division, 4th Armored Division, and the 602nd Tank Destroyer Battalion overran Ohrdruf, a recently established subcamp of Buchenwald. Coins and notes were in constant circulation around the SS and Von einer groen Anzahl als elder who was released, he had been mainly responsible for the organised struggle against the SS. Then they moved onto keeping them confined within their barbed wire enclosure, giving them Im Winter des Jahres 1941 begannen die berchtigten Versuche auf Hitlerbarbarei ergeben hinzunehmen als verdiente Strafe Gottes fr mangelnde jdische Frmmigkeit, Nonetheless, prisoners like Albert Kuntz managed to build a resistance organization that committed sabotage of the V-2 rockets. had no leadership that could have stopped the worst happening.